Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is recognized internationally as a violation of human rights of girls and women constituting an extreme form of gender discrimination with documented health consequences. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of women towards FGM practice. A community based cross-sectional study design was applied. Both quantitative and qualitative were employed. A total of 278 women at reproductive age (15-49) were sampled for the study from six randomly selected kebeles of Angacha woreda. The survey data was analyzed by SPSS soft ware version 20. Descriptive statistics such as mean, percentage and frequency were used for analyzing data. Binary Logistic Regression Model was used to analyze determinant Associated Factors regarding FGM. In addition qualitative data were analyzed thematically and the result was presented in narration. The result showed that 55.4% of women had good knowledge about FGM practice however 44.6% had poor knowledge. The majority of the women (50.4%) had negative attitude while 49.6% of them had positive attitude towards FGM practice. Tradition and fear of marriage were the major reasons for the continuation of this practice. From study participants 92.4%of responded that FGM was being practiced in their community and 77.7% of participants were undergone themselves. This study revealed that 79.5% of women were encountered physical health problems related to FGM and 59.7% of women were encountered psychological and sexual problems related to FGM. Bivariate and Multivariate analyses were carried out to identify determinant factors of practice. Age, family income, knowledge and attitude were significantly associated factors for FGM practice. [...]
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectives of the study
1.3.1 General Objective
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Scope of the Study
1.7 Limitations of the Study
1.8 Operational Definitions
1.9 Organization of the Study
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 International Conventions and Declarations Relevant to FGM
2.2 National Policies, laws and Legal Framework on FGM in Ethiopia
2.3 Women’s policy in Ethiopia
2.4 Women’s Rights in Ethiopia
2.5 Human Rights and FGM
2.5.1 The right to be free from all forms of discrimination against women
2.5.2 The right to life and physical integrity including freedom from violence
2.6 The Historical and Socio-Cultural Context of Female Genital Mutilation
2.7 Prevalence of FGM
2.8 Age and Tools used
2.9 Procedures of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
2.10 Reasons for Performing Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
2.10.1 Cultural Reasons
2.10.2 Hygienic and Aesthetic Reasons
2.10.3 Spiritual and Religious Reasons
2.10.4 Psycho-sexual Reasons
2.10.5 Social reasons
2.11 Gender and FGM
2.12 Sexual Morality, Marriageability and FGM
2.13 Physical, Psychological and Sexual Health Consequences of FGM
2.14 Cultural Stigma Associated with those who are not circumcised
2.15 Attitude and Knowledge Related to FGM
2.16 Conceptual Framework
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Description of the Study Area
3.3 Study Population
3.4 Sampling Techniques and Procedures
3.5 Types and Methods of Data Collection
3.5.1 Questionnaire
3.5.2 Key Informant Interview
3.5.3 Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
3.6 Source of Data
3.7 Methods of Data Analysis
3.8 Definition of Variables and working hypothesis for Logit model
3.8.1 The Logistic Regression Model
3.8.2 Odds Ratio
3.9 Ethical Consideration
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Socio-demographic Characteristics of Respondents
4.2 Socio-economic Characteristics of Respondents
4.3 Knowledge on the Harm of FGM
4.4 Knowledge Related to Side Effect of FGM on Health
4.5 Knowledge on Complications of FGM
4.6 Knowledge about FGM Exposes Women for HIV/AIDS
4.7 Knowledge on FGM as causes Difficulty during Delivery
4.8 Knowledge on the effect of FGM for Future Sexual Relation
4.9 Knowledge on FGM causes Excessive Bleeding
4.10 Information Related to ill Health Effect of FGM
4.11 Source of Information to Increase Knowledge related to FGM
4.12 Attitude of Respondents towards FGM
4.13 Practice of FGM towards Women
4.14 Future Plan of the Respondents for their Daughters towards FGM practice
4.15 Decision Maker of FGM in the family
4.16 The Biggest Supporter of FGM at Family
4.17 Common Reasons given why FGM practiced by the Community
4.18 Physical Consequences of FGM on Women Health
4.19 Psychosocial and Sexual problems Related to FGM
4.20 Associated Factors towards Female Genital Mutilation Practice
4.21 Binary Logistic Regression Model Analysis
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
Research Objectives and Key Topics
The primary objective of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of women in the Kembata Tembaro Zone, Angacha Woreda regarding Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), while analyzing the determinant factors that perpetuate this practice despite its recognized health risks.
- Prevalence and health consequences of FGM in the Angacha Woreda region.
- Determinant factors of FGM, including socio-demographic and economic variables.
- Assessment of women's knowledge, attitudes, and decision-making power regarding the practice.
- Impact of anti-FGM intervention strategies and identified awareness gaps.
Excerpt from the Book
2.9 Procedures of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
FGM is carried out using special knives, scissors, razors, or pieces of glass. On rare occasions sharp stones have been reported to be used (e.g. in eastern Sudan), and cauterization (burning) is practiced in some parts of Ethiopia. Finger nails have been used to pluck out the clitoris of babies in some areas in the Gambia. The instruments may be re-used without being cleaned .As the evidences from the WHO also suggest that the operation is usually performed by an elderly woman of the village specially designated to this task, who may also be a traditional birth attendant (TBA). An aesthesia is rarely used and the girl is held down by a number of women, frequently including her own relatives. The procedure may take 15 to 20 minutes, depending on the skill of the operator, the extent of excision and the amount of resistance put up by the girl. The wound is dabbed with anything from alcohol or lemon juice to ash, herb mixtures, porridge or cow dung, and the girl’s legs may be bound together until healing is completed(WHO, 2011, Getnet and Wakgari ,2009).
While the method of FGM carried out is vary from country to country and from one cultural, ethnic or religious group to another. All forms of FGM violate a range of human rights of girls and women, including the right to non-discrimination, to protection from physical and mental violence, to the highest attainable standard of health, and, in the most extreme cases, to the right to life (UNFPA, 2013).
Summary of Chapters
1. INTRODUCTION: Outlines the research background, statement of the problem, and core objectives regarding FGM practices in the study area.
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE: Explores existing international and national frameworks, cultural contexts, and theoretical foundations regarding FGM and women's rights.
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Describes the community-based cross-sectional study design, sampling techniques, and analytical methods used for data collection and interpretation.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Details the socio-demographic findings and analyzes the correlation between knowledge, attitudes, and the prevalence of FGM practices.
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Synthesizes the study findings and provides actionable recommendations for healthcare and government stakeholders.
Keywords
Female Genital Mutilation, FGM, Kembata Tembaro, Reproductive Health, Women's Rights, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Logistic Regression, Socio-Cultural Factors, Health Consequences, Ethiopia, Gender Discrimination, Public Health, Community Intervention
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core focus of this research?
The research focuses on assessing the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of women concerning Female Genital Mutilation within the Angacha Woreda of the Kembata Tembaro Zone.
What are the central themes of the work?
Key themes include the impact of socio-cultural and religious beliefs, the influence of maternal decision-making, health consequences of FGM, and the effectiveness of current intervention programs.
What is the primary objective?
To analyze the prevalence of FGM and identify the key socio-economic and demographic determinants that influence whether women choose to continue or abandon the practice.
Which research methods were employed?
The study used a community-based cross-sectional design employing both quantitative surveys (278 participants) and qualitative data collection methods like key informant interviews and focus group discussions.
What does the main body of the work cover?
It covers theoretical literature on women's rights, historical contexts of FGM, detailed research methodology, empirical results on respondent characteristics, and a discussion on factors like education and income.
Which keywords best describe this study?
Essential keywords include Female Genital Mutilation, Reproductive Health, Women's Rights, Socio-Cultural Factors, and Ethiopia.
How does the age of the mother affect the decision-making for FGM?
The study finds that mothers aged 26-49 are statistically more likely to continue the practice compared to younger mothers, suggesting a generational persistence of the tradition.
What role do health professionals play in the study area?
The study indicates that while traditional practices are shifting, some health professionals perform FGM for payment, presenting a major barrier to eradication efforts.
- Citar trabajo
- Asebe Awol (Autor), 2017, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) of Women towards Female Genital Mutilation, Múnich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/423650
