The main objectives of the study are to understand the level and nature of women's educational attainment in the district between 1981 to 2001, to identify how the Gulf migration accelerated the growth of educational infrastructure and to analyse and compare intergenerational educational mobility of the female population. The age cohort taken in to analysis is women of 20 years and above. Both secondary data and primary data were used in the study. The analysis of primary data has done through the construction of intergenerational mobility matrices.
Export of manpower has already been established as one of the most lucrative industry in Kerala. A good number of economically motivated young people all over the state were motivated to more in the direction of the oil rich countries in quest of their fortune, and acquired further momentum through the liberal economic policies of countries of the Persian Gulf since 1970s. This flow of emigration has never been interrupted, not even at the time of economic recession of 1980s and gulf war during the 1990s. Naturally, in a short while the export of manpower from Kerala became an important component of state revenue and the livelihood of millions. The role of international migration and foreign remittances in the economy of the state of Kerala in India is widely acknowledged. Migration from India has taken place from the very dawn of civilization. There are hardly any parts of the globe where Indians are not found today. From the early years itself, Kerala has largely dependent on its export earnings from agricultural and agro based commodities like tea, coffee, spices, cashew, kernels, marine products, coir and handloom textiles.
From the middle of the 1970s, man power exports have been gradually overtaking commodity exports from the state. After independence, there were large scale emigration of skilled, semi skilled and unskilled man power mainly to the Gulf countries like the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, and Bahrain.etc. Emigration to the Middle East acquired momentum since 1973, consequent on the ever increasing demand for labour of all categories in the Gulf countries to meet their construction activities following the oil price hike. In this outflow to the Middle East from India, Kerala stands at the forefront.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Research Background
1.3 The Key Concept-Social and Economic Mobility
1.4 Rationale of the Study
1.5 Theoretical Framework
1.6 Statement of the Problem
1.7 Malappuram-The Study Area
1.8 Muslim Women in Malappuram District
1.9 Magnitude of Labour Migration from Malappuram
1.10 Significance of Muslims in the Emigrant Population
1.11 Statistical Tools Used
1.12 Coefficient of Correlation
1.13 Objectives of the Study
1.14 Hypotheses
1.15 Data and Methodology
1.16 Selection of the Sample
1.17 Limitations of the Study
2 Studies on Women Mobility-A Review
3 Migration on Women’s Mobility
3.1 Role of Education and Economic Development
3.2 Impact of Education on Economic Growth and Earnings
3.3 Women’s Education
3.4 Education of Muslim Community in India
3.5 Education Status of Muslim Women in India
3.6 Educational Backwardness of Muslim Women in India
3.7 Educational Status of Muslim Community in Kerala
3.8 Educational Status of Muslim community- The Malappuram Experience
4 Educational Infrastructure and Educational Attainment of Women in Malappuram District
4.1 Part 1- Educational Infrastructure of Malappuram
4.2 Growth of Schools- A Comparison
4.3 Part 2- Mobility of Muslim Women
4.4 Mother-Daughter Shift in Educational Status
4.5 Father-Daughter Shift in Educational Status
5 Summary, Findings and Conclusion
5.1 Major Findings of the Study
5.2 Conclusion
Research Objectives and Themes
This study aims to examine the educational mobility of Muslim women in the Malappuram district of Kerala, specifically investigating how Gulf migration and the resulting remittances influence educational attainment and infrastructure. It seeks to challenge the conventional understanding of intergenerational educational transmission by analyzing whether economic factors associated with migration supersede parental educational status.
- Impact of Gulf migration on women’s educational mobility.
- Analysis of educational attainment trends among Muslim women from 1981 to 2001.
- Role of migrant remittances in the growth of educational infrastructure.
- Comparison of intergenerational educational shifts within migrant and non-migrant households.
Excerpt from the Book
Educational Status of Muslim Women in India
You can tell the condition of a nation by looking at the status of its women (Nehru). According to the 1991 census, there were over 48 million Muslim women in India; in 2001 the number rose to 62.5 million. In popular perception, these women are typically seen as a monolithic entity undistinguished and undistinguishable in their homogeneity .the spotlight, when it falls on them, tends to do no more than view the role of religion in their lives and reinforce in the usual stereotypes; pardha, multiple marriage, triple talaq, the male privilege of unilateral divorce and the bogey of personal law. The truth, However, is that like women from other communities, Muslim women too are differentiated across class, caste, community, geographical locations (including the great rural urban divide). Despite these differences within their lot when compared to women from other faiths in India, the majority of Muslim women are among the most disadvantaged, least literate, most economically impoverished and politically marginalisedsections of Indian society.
while debates on personal law and divorce are pertinent and timely and one is not for a minute running down these issues, Muslim women need to be seen as social beings too, entitled to education, especially at the primary level is mandated by the constitution, yet over six decades after independence less than 50% of Muslim women in India are literate. Compare this with other women from other minorities: 76% literacy among Christians, 64% Sikhs, 62% among Buddhist, whopping 90% among women!
Summary of Chapters
1 Introduction: This chapter provides the research background, rationales, and the theoretical framework of the study, while establishing the context of migration in the Malappuram district.
2 Studies on Women Mobility-A Review: This section reviews existing literature on gender, migration, and social change, highlighting evolving academic perspectives on these interconnected issues.
3 Migration on Women’s Mobility: This chapter discusses the role of education in economic development and examines the specific educational status and backwardness of the Muslim community in India and Kerala.
4 Educational Infrastructure and Educational Attainment of Women in Malappuram District: This chapter analyzes the empirical data concerning the growth of educational facilities in Malappuram and measures the intergenerational educational shifts of Muslim women.
5 Summary, Findings and Conclusion: This final chapter synthesizes the study’s findings, confirms the proposed hypotheses regarding migration and mobility, and presents final conclusions on the impact of emigration.
Keywords
Gulf migration, Malappuram district, Muslim women, educational mobility, educational attainment, remittances, intergenerational mobility, Kerala, social change, women empowerment, human capital, primary education, socio-economic development, migrant households, gender equality
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this research?
The research focuses on the impact of international labour migration—specifically the 'Gulf migration'—on the educational mobility of Muslim women in the Malappuram district of Kerala.
What are the core themes addressed in this work?
The work explores themes of educational attainment, the economic influence of remittances on educational infrastructure, intergenerational social mobility, and the specific challenges faced by Muslim women regarding education and social autonomy.
What is the central research question?
The primary research question is: What are the consequences of Gulf migration on women's mobility, and how does it affect the educational infrastructure and educational attainment of women in the study area?
Which methodology is employed in the study?
The study utilizes both primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through a sample survey of 63 girls from 51 migrant households in the Malappuram district, using interviews and structured questionnaires.
What is covered in the main body of the work?
The main body covers the theoretical framework of migration and social mobility, a literature review, an analysis of the educational status of Indian Muslims, and a detailed empirical assessment of educational infrastructure and intergenerational shifts in the Malappuram district.
Which keywords best characterize this research?
Key terms include Gulf migration, Malappuram district, educational mobility, Muslim women, remittances, and socio-economic development.
How does migration affect the role of parents in children's education according to the study?
The study suggests that migration challenges the general contention that parental educational status is the sole determinant of children's educational success, indicating that remittance-driven household income and changed family environments are critical triggering factors for upward educational mobility.
What is the significance of the Malappuram district in this study?
Malappuram is selected as the study area due to its high concentration of emigrants and its status as a historically educationally backward region, which makes it an ideal location for observing the drastic changes brought about by migration.
Does the study find a positive correlation between emigration and educational mobility?
Yes, the study concludes that there is a positive correlation between improvements in educational infrastructure and migration-resulted remittances, which has facilitated greater educational attainment for the present generation of Muslim women.
- Quote paper
- S. Shibinu (Author), 2017, The influence of the Gulf migration on the educational mobility of women in Malappuram, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/465924
