The purpose of this book is to investigate the issue of environmental economics and also Environmental crisis and destruction. Evaluation of development plans can be reviewed from three perspectives. One in terms of the number of environmental reviews in the papers, secondly, in terms of quality and scientific approaches to programs, and ultimately the effectiveness of approaches.
Table of Contents
1 Environment history
2 Environmental activists
3 Environmental Crisis
4 Urmia Lake
5 Golestan forest
6 Pollution in persian gulf
7 Anzali lagoon
8 Dust pollution in khuzistan
9 Conclusion
10 References
Objective & Topics
The primary objective of this work is to investigate environmental governance practices in Iran, specifically focusing on how development plans and legislative frameworks have contributed to or failed to address environmental degradation. The book explores the complex intersection of economic interests, military influence, and the protection of natural resources, arguing that institutional inefficiency and the prioritization of profit over ecology have led to catastrophic outcomes in key natural areas.
- The historical evolution of environmental protection policies in Iran.
- The ecological crisis and socio-political factors driving the degradation of Lake Urmia.
- The impact of industrial pollution and unsustainable development on Persian Gulf marine ecosystems.
- The intersection of military activities and environmental projects, specifically cloud fertilization and infrastructure corruption.
- The role of cultural and economic policies in the commodification and decline of natural status.
Excerpt from the Book
1 ENVIRONMENT HISTORY
Protecting the environment and defining the legal limits for the exploitation of the country's wildlife was first introduced in Iran's civil law in 1928. In 1956, an organization called Iran's Hunting Club was formed. Its name was changed to the "Hunting and Custody Organization" in 1968 and its administration was assigned to a "Supreme Council". On January 12, 1972, the National Assembly approved the Law on Restructuring and Determining the Functions of the Ministries of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Based on Article 4 of that law, the name of the catch and catch control organization became the "Environmental Protection Agency".
For this term, two attitudes have been created: one view is that the term "environment" is from the two environmentally-biologically worded terms, which in Persian means residence. This title does not include terms such as air pollution, ways to prevent degradation of nature, etc., but today it provides various concepts such as climate, forest, mountain, animal and birds rights, Ways to prevent air pollution, ways to fight against destructive factors of nature, and ... the environment refers to all factors that threaten or improve the living environment.
But the next approach implies that there is nothing in the name of the environment, and this term has a relative meaning to the periphery, as it is derived from the derivatives of the word by reference to the book of words, this term has a relative meaning to the periphery, that is, It is surrounded by its surroundings. What is important here is to know what is meant by the environment. This is important because what can improve the location of a living environment for a living creature can be the environment of another. Generally speaking, the environment is what surrounds the process of living, drops it into it and interacts with it.
Summary of Chapters
1 Environment history: This chapter reviews the legislative history of environmental protection in Iran, tracing the transition from early hunting laws to the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency.
2 Environmental activists: This chapter examines the history of environmental advocacy in Iran and the legal and political pressures faced by activists, including recent arrests related to security allegations.
3 Environmental Crisis: This chapter analyzes the cultural, political, and economic drivers of environmental degradation in Iran, highlighting the negative impact of commodification and centralized government failures.
4 Urmia Lake: This chapter investigates the catastrophic drying of Lake Urmia, attributing it to policy-driven mismanagement, dam construction, and suspected hidden strategic interests.
5 Golestan forest: This chapter details the ecological significance of Golestan National Park and the increasing threats posed by forest fires and human indifference.
6 Pollution in persian gulf: This chapter discusses marine pollution in the Persian Gulf, focusing on the role of the oil industry, tanker traffic, and inadequately managed urban wastewater.
7 Anzali lagoon: This chapter highlights the ecological value of Anzali Lagoon and the severe threats it faces from industrial pollution, agricultural waste, and invasive species like Azolla.
8 Dust pollution in khuzistan: This chapter explores the causes of dust pollution in Khuzestan, differentiating between internal sources and transboundary origins, and evaluates potential control strategies.
9 Conclusion: This chapter synthesizes the research findings, arguing that the government has failed to provide an appropriate environment for effective environmental protection, and emphasizes the need for national determination.
10 References: This section lists the sources and academic literature consulted for the development of this work.
Keywords
Environmental degradation, Iran, Lake Urmia, Environmental policy, Sustainable development, Industrial pollution, Economic commodification, Environmental activists, Water resource management, Dust pollution, Khuzestan, Persian Gulf, Environmental governance, Ecological crisis, Civil society
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core focus of this work?
The work provides a critical analysis of the environmental crisis in Iran, exploring how institutional management, development policies, and political interests have contributed to the severe degradation of natural resources and ecosystems.
What are the primary themes discussed?
The central themes include the history of environmental protection in Iran, the sociopolitical drivers of ecological damage, the specific crises of Lake Urmia, Persian Gulf pollution, forest preservation, and the systemic challenges within governmental environmental agencies.
What is the primary goal of the research?
The primary goal is to study the effectiveness of environmental governance in Iran, particularly through the lens of national laws and development plans, and to challenge the government's official narratives regarding environmental restoration.
Which scientific and analytical methods are employed?
The author utilizes a descriptive and qualitative analysis, reviewing legislative history, development policy records, and environmental indicators to assess the success and failures of state-led environmental programs.
What does the main body cover?
The main body covers a systematic review of specific environmental disasters (Lake Urmia, Golestan Forest, Persian Gulf, Anzali Lagoon, and dust storms in Khuzestan) combined with an assessment of the political and economic frameworks driving these issues.
Which keywords best characterize this book?
The most relevant keywords are environmental degradation, Iran, Lake Urmia, environmental policy, ecological crisis, and sustainable development.
How is the cloud fertilization project in Iran linked to the corruption mentioned?
The text argues that the cloud fertilization project is being used as a financial and media tool for the IRGC and associated entities to consolidate power and economic control, rather than as a legitimate scientific endeavor for environmental recovery.
What role does the "Ahrar" institute play according to the author?
The author describes the Ahrar Institute as a large conglomerate linked to the Revolutionary Guards that benefits from various economic activities and government contracts, serving as a layer through which military interests manifest as private commercial entities.
Why does the author consider the drying of Lake Urmia a "deliberate policy"?
The author argues that the neglect of Lake Urmia and the prioritization of dam construction over environmental sustainability suggest a covert goal of changing the demographic composition of the region for political and security reasons.
- Quote paper
- Morteza Zaker (Author), 2019, The environments of mine and yours, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/494033
