The present study focuses on medicinal legumes such as Atylosia albicans (Wight & Arn.)Benth, Caesalpinia mimosoides (Lam), Derris scandens (Benth), Humboldtia brunonis (Wall), Indigofera cassioides (Roxb), Kingiodendron pinnatum (DC), and Tephrosia tinctoria (Baker), belonging to the family Fabaceae. These legumes were collected from different biogeographical regions of Western Ghats of Karnataka. Herbaria of these plants with taxonomic details are deposited in Biodiversity laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial of these plants was carried out.
In the present investigation, bioautography method is used for the identification of bioactive molecule from the ethyl acetate extract of Kingiodendron pinnatum. This technique has been used for the detection of antimicrobial substances in many biological extracts. This method eliminates the need for the development of large numbers of plates in multiple solvent systems, reduces the amount of waste solvents for disposal, and substantially reduces the time needed to identify active compounds.
The results indicated that the isolated compound, 2-formyl-12-oxo-A-norcleroda-2, 13(16)-dien- 15-oic acid is a diterpene. The database search on phytochemicals present in the Kingiodendron pinnatum reported by earlier workers did not record the presence and biological activity of this diterpene, which is well described in the present study. This diterpene is a novel chemical entity described first time from the ethyl acetate extract of the plant Kingiodendron pinnatum. The study carried out on the seven legumes have clearly depicted their potential medicinal value. It is therefore necessary to give prime importance for their conservation. In view of this conservation of medicinal plants by using Ex-situ method was made for sustainable development. Of all the plants tested for seed germination and survival status Kingiodendron pinnatum showed the highest percentage of survival and acclimatization in field trials. No conservation strategies on these legumes are reported by earlier workers. In the present study efforts made to initiate the Ex-situ conservation of these plants revealed that establishment of seedling orchards are the base means of multiplication and conservation than any vegetative means.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION
1.1. Importance of Medicinal Plants
1.2. Use of plants against microbial infection.
1.3. Use of plants against free radical damage
1.4. The use of plants against mycobacterial infection
1.5. Indian Medicinal Legumes
CHAPTER II - REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1. Introduction
2.2. High performance liquid chromatography
2.3. Phytochemical screening assay
2.4. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
2.5. Phytochemical Screening and Bioactivity of Medicinal Plants
2.6. The need for the conservation of medicinal plants
CHAPTER III – METHODS USED IN IOSLATION AND IDNETIFICATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM LEGUMES
3.1. Plant collection and identification
3.2. Plant sample preparation and Extraction
3.3. Selection of solvents for extraction
3.4. Maceration
3.5 Hot Continuous Extraction (Soxhlet)
3.6. Phytochemical screening of selected medicinal legumes
3.7. Anti-tubercular activity of selected medicinal legumes against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) by proportion assay.
3.8. Antimicrobial Bioassay of Atylosia albicans and Tephrosia tinctoria by NCCLS method
3.9. Anti-bacterial activity of selected medicinal legumes by Agar well diffusion method
3.10. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
3.11. Antifungal activity of selected medicinal legumes by disc diffusion method
3.12. Antioxidant activity of selected medicinal legumes and isolated diterpene Compound from the ethyl acetate extract of Kingiodendron pinnatum
3.12.1. DPPH radical scavenging activity
3.12.2. Phosphomolybdate assay
3.12.3. Reducing power assay
3.12.4. Hydrogen peroxide- scavenging assay
3.13. Statistical analysis
3.14. Thin layer chromatography and Column chromatography
3.15. Direct bioautographic method for the detection of novel antibacterial compound
3.16. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and Preparatory Thin layer chromatography
3.17. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
3.18. Liquid chromatography-mass spectra of isolated compound (LC-MS)
3.19. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy
3.20. 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and 2-Dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
3.21. 1HNMR
3.22. 13CNMR
3.23. Distortion less enhancement through polarization transfer (DEPT)
3.24. Two-dimensional spectroscopy
3.25. Conservation of medicinal plants for sustainable utilization
CHAPTER IV - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Ethnobotany and medicinal potential of selected legumes
4.2. Plant sample preparation, Extraction and Phytochemical screening of selected medicinal legumes
4.3. Anti-tubercular activity of selected medicinal legumes against M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) by proportion assay
4.4. Antimicrobial Bioassay of Atylosia albicans and Tephrosia tinctoria by NCCLS method
4.5. Anti-bacterial activity of selected medicinal legumes by Agar well diffusion method
4.6. Antifungal activity of selected medicinal legumes by disc diffusion method
4.7. Antioxidant activity of selected medicinal legumes
4.8. Thin layer and column chromatography (TLC and CC)
4.9. Direct bioautographic method for the detection of novel antibacterial Compound
4.10. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and Preparatory Thin layer chromatography
4.11. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
4.12. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
4.13. Liquid chromatography-mass spectra of isolated compound (LC-MS)
4.14. 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and 2Dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
4.15. Antioxidant activity of Diterpene isolated from Kingiodendron pinnatum
4.16. Conservation of selected medicinal legumes for sustainable utilization
CHAPTER V - SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
CHAPTER VI – BIBLIOGRAPHY
Research Objectives and Focus
This study focuses on the phytochemical screening and evaluation of medicinal properties of selected legumes from the Western Ghats of Karnataka, aiming to identify bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic applications and to develop strategies for their sustainable utilization.
- Identification and documentation of medicinal legume species.
- Phytochemical screening to identify active secondary metabolites.
- Evaluation of biological activities, including antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.
- Isolation and characterization of specific bioactive compounds using advanced chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques.
- Development of conservation strategies to ensure the sustainable use of these endangered medicinal plant resources.
Excerpt from the Book
1.1. Importance of Medicinal Plants
Since time immemorial, man has used various parts of plants in the treatment and prevention of many ailments (Chah et al., 2006). According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 1977), a medicinal plant is any plant which contains substances that can be used for the therapeutic purposes in one or more of its organ or substances which are precursors for the synthesis of useful drugs. Medicinal plants are further defined as plants that have at least one of their parts (leaves, stem, barks or roots) used for therapeutic purposes (Bruneton, 1993).
A plant becomes a medicinal plant only when its biological activity has been ethnobotanically reported or scientifically established (Elujoba, 1997). Plants provide a source of medicine, which are useful in treatment of various categories of human ailments and conditions. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that up to 80% of the world‘s population rely on plants for their primary health care (BCGI, 1995), while in Nigeria, a WHO survey estimated that up to 75% of the population patronize traditional medicine (Omoseyindemi, 2003).
Summary of Chapters
CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION: This chapter provides an overview of the historical and current importance of medicinal plants, their role in treating various ailments, and the urgent need for their conservation.
CHAPTER II - REVIEW OF LITERATURE: This section details the existing scientific knowledge on phytochemical screening, chromatographic techniques like HPLC and FTIR, and the broader context of medicinal plant research.
CHAPTER III – METHODS USED IN IOSLATION AND IDNETIFICATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM LEGUMES: This chapter describes the methodology employed for plant collection, extraction processes, screening assays, and advanced spectroscopic identification of bioactive compounds.
CHAPTER IV - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: This chapter presents the experimental findings regarding the ethnobotanical potential, phytochemical content, and bioactivity of the studied legumes, including the isolation of a novel diterpene.
CHAPTER V - SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: This chapter synthesizes the research outcomes and reinforces the necessity of preserving medicinal plants for future drug development.
CHAPTER VI – BIBLIOGRAPHY: This chapter lists the comprehensive references cited throughout the research work.
Keywords
Medicinal plants, Indian legumes, Phytochemistry, Bioactivity, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Conservation, HPLC, FTIR, NMR, Chromatography, Drug discovery, Traditional medicine, Western Ghats, Kingiodendron pinnatum.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this research?
The study investigates the bioactivity of selected Indian legumes from the Western Ghats and focuses on their phytochemical screening, the isolation of bioactive compounds, and strategies for their sustainable conservation.
Which scientific methods are used to screen these plants?
The researchers utilized various standard methods, including phytochemical screening assays, antimicrobial bioassays (agar well diffusion, disc diffusion), and antioxidant assays (DPPH, phosphomolybdate, reducing power).
What is the significance of the selected legumes?
These legumes are used in traditional medicine, and the study aims to validate their medicinal claims while exploring their potential as sources for new pharmaceutical agents against resistant pathogens.
What specific compound was isolated for detailed study?
The research successfully isolated and structurally characterized a diterpene compound from the ethyl acetate extract of Kingiodendron pinnatum.
What role do analytical techniques play in this work?
Techniques such as HPTLC, HPLC, LC-MS, FTIR, and various NMR spectroscopic methods were critical for the isolation, identification, and structural elucidation of bioactive secondary metabolites.
Why is the conservation of these plants emphasized?
The study highlights that rapid deforestation and overexploitation threaten the survival of these medicinal plants, necessitating urgent conservation measures like ex situ methods to protect them for future use.
How does the work address the issue of drug resistance?
By screening for antimicrobial and anti-tubercular activity, the study seeks to identify new natural product-derived substances that could provide effective alternatives to existing drugs, which are increasingly facing resistance.
What are the findings regarding Kingiodendron pinnatum?
The study identifies Kingiodendron pinnatum as a highly promising species for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, leading to the isolation of a novel diterpene with significant bioactivity.
- Arbeit zitieren
- Dr. Komal Kumar Javarappa (Autor:in), Dr. A.G. Devi Prasad (Autor:in), 2019, Bioactivity of Indian Legumes and their Conservation for Sustainable Utilization, München, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/496138
