The signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in Nairobi on January 9, 2005 was described as “a historic moment of great opportunity for the country” by then-United Nations Security Council President Joel Adechi of Benin. The CPA received wide international approval and was praised as a promising chance to end one of Africa’s longest and fierce civil wars. Since the end of British colonialism in 1955, more than two million people have been killed and about the same number is said to be a realistic estimate of internally displaced persons (IDPs) during the course of Sudan’s wars.
The main objective of this paper is to analyze and evaluate the current status of the peace-process and the implementation of the CPA as a tool for peacebuilding in Sudan at a time where its success seems to be at serious jeopardy. The central research question this paper constitutes has three main parts. First, the question is whether the CPA has the formal quality and extensiveness in its paperwork to effectively conduct a peace process. The second part of the question is whether the implementation process is effective, punctual and progressive with visible results that indicate a realistic chance for sustainable peace in the Sudan. The last part discusses chances and possible reasons of a future return to armed conflict between the parties. Due to the papers limits in length, priority will not be put on thoroughly identifying and explaining the importance of all other armed groups (OAGs) involved in the conflict, without failing to recognize their existence and importance. The main focus will be put on the parties which signed the CPA as the official representatives of North and South, the National Congress Party (NCP) and the Sudanese Peoples Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A).It will discuss and analyze the overall development of the peace process since the signing of the CPA in 2005. Central weaknesses of the CPA’s implementation process are to be identified. These key areas will be: security instability due to the presence of OAGs; issue of border demarcation; the status question of Abyei; oil-revenue sharing; and the general negative attitude towards the CPA implementation by the NCP.
Inhaltsverzeichnis (Table of Contents)
- Introduction
- Comprehensive Peace Agreement and Peacebuilding Theory
- Peacebuilding, Peacekeeping, Peacemaking
- Track 1 Mediation and the CPA
- CPA and Creating Sustainable Peace
- Protocol/ Agreement Analysis
- Machakos Protocol
- Power Sharing
- Wealth Sharing
- Security Arrangements
- CPA Paperwork Weaknesses
- Assessment of CPA Paperwork
- Comparison Addis Ababa Accords/ Comprehensive Peace Agreement
- Introduction Addis Ababa Accords
- Provisions of the Addis Ababa Accords
- Security
- Economic Regulations
- Border Demarcation
- Reasons for Addis Ababa Accords Failure
- Addis Ababa Accords v.s. Comprehensive Peace Agreement
- Differences of Economic Provisions
- Border Demarcation
- Evaluation
- Implementation Process of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement
- Implementation Development
- Security and Other Armed Groups
- The Oil-Issue
- Border Demarcation
- Role of the National Congress Party
- Conclusion and Future Outlook
- Political Situation of the Sudan
- Future Outlook
- List of Acronyms
- References
Zielsetzung und Themenschwerpunkte (Objectives and Key Themes)
This paper aims to analyze and evaluate the current status of the peace process and the implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) as a tool for peacebuilding in Sudan, at a time when its success appears to be at serious jeopardy. The paper focuses on the parties who signed the CPA, the National Congress Party (NCP) and the Sudanese Peoples Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), and examines the effectiveness of the CPA in achieving sustainable peace in the Sudan. It also investigates the degree of commitment displayed by the former conflict parties, with a particular focus on the impact of the Northern Government on the peace process.
- The effectiveness of the CPA in achieving sustainable peace in the Sudan
- The degree of commitment displayed by the former conflict parties
- The impact of the Northern Government on the peace process
- The role of peacebuilding in post-conflict societies
- The comparison of the CPA with the Addis Ababa Accords (AAA)
Zusammenfassung der Kapitel (Chapter Summaries)
The first chapter defines and explains the term "peacebuilding" as a key concept in the theoretical and practical science of peace and conflict studies. It provides a brief introduction to the paperwork of the CPA, which comprises eight different protocols and agreements. The chapter also includes a discussion of key concepts in "peacebuilding" as a theoretical discipline, focusing on analyzing and explaining general concepts of the CPA, particularly Reychler's theoretical approach to peacebuilding theory. The objective is to single out successful/unsuccessful examples of peacebuilding methods in the CPA and discuss possible consequences for the implementation process.
The second chapter compares the CPA with the Addis Ababa Accords (AAA) from 1972, which managed to secure peace between north and south Sudan until 1983. The results of the diachronic comparison should help to indicate in which areas the CPA has improved and/or adopted certain aspects of this former peace agreement. It examines whether the CPA is composed of similar concepts to the AAA, considering the parity of the conflict-parties involved, and whether the AAA contained concepts worth reapplying in the CPA or whether its composition and implementation process was bound to fail as an attempt to create sustainable peace. The comparison explores four key areas of both peace agreements: security, economic development, border demarcation, and political regionalization.
The third chapter provides an overview of the current situation of the North-South peace process. It discusses and analyzes the overall development of the peace process since the signing of the CPA in 2005. The chapter identifies key weaknesses in the CPA's implementation process, such as security instability due to the presence of OAGs; the issue of border demarcation; the status question of Abyei; oil-revenue sharing; and the general negative attitude towards the CPA implementation by the NCP. Additionally, assessments from independent international observers will be introduced.
Schlüsselwörter (Keywords)
The key terms and focus topics of this paper include the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), peacebuilding, sustainable peace, conflict resolution, the Sudan, the National Congress Party (NCP), the Sudanese Peoples Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), the Addis Ababa Accords (AAA), security, economic development, border demarcation, and political regionalization.
- Quote paper
- Julian Warczinski (Author), 2007, The Comprehensive Peace Agreement Sudan 2005, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/93249
