In this tutorial, an investigation on interleaving and interleavers for the multiple access systems is presented
Multiple access techniques support multiple user scenarios in advanced cellular communication systems. Interleavers and interleaving schemes are used for user separation and data shuffling in these systems.
Modern day communication systems target to achieve errorless transmission of data between a transmitting and receiving end. An errorless transmission ensures high quality of service (QoS), reliability and security of data. Next generation communication system i.e., 5G aims to support voice/data/multi-media contents of high data rates with better quality and security.
The supporting 5G technologies like massive machine type communication (mMTC), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) etc. also require higher reliability and availability of services with higher QoS. Therefore, error free transmission at higher data rates becomes a critical issue.
Forward error correcting (FEC) codes are deployed as an essential element of a digital communication system. Examples of the FEC codes are cyclic code, Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, linear block codes, convolution codes, turbo codes etc. These codes have potential to control those errors which occurs when digital information is passed through a communication channel. A channel may be a wireless or a wired channel. The FEC codes have the capability to detect and correct the errors present in the received data. However, only limited data bits in errors can be detected and corrected simultaneously by the FEC codes. This puts a certain limitation on efficiency
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BURST ERRORS
3. INTERLEAVING
4. INTERLEAVERS AND THEIR ADVANTAGES
5. MAJOR TYPES OF INTERLEAVERS
5.1. RANDOM INTERLEAVERS
5.2. CYCLIC INTERLEAVERS
5.3. POWER INTERLEAVERS
5.4. PRIME NUMBER INTERLEAVERS
5.5. TREE INTERLEAVERS
5.6. INVERSE TREE INTERLEAVERS
5.7. MODERN FISHER-YATES INTERLEAVERS
6. APPLICATIONS OF INTERLEAVERS
7. INTERLEAVER CENTRIC SYSTEMS
8. Conclusion
Objectives & Topics
The primary goal of this tutorial is to provide an in-depth investigation into interleaving mechanisms and various interleaver types utilized for user separation and data shuffling in advanced cellular communication systems, such as 5G.
- Fundamentals of burst errors and error control mechanisms
- Mechanisms of data interleaving and its advantages for system robustness
- Detailed taxonomy and generation methods of major interleaver types
- Practical application areas of interleavers in modern communication domains
- Distinction between interleaver centric and non-interleaver centric systems
Excerpt from the Book
3. INTERLEAVING
Interleaving is a mechanism provided to control the burst errors. This mechanism facilitates a provision to put the counter measures for the expected burst errors in advance i.e. well before their actual occurrence during transmission [12]-[15]. So, this is more analogous to a safety measure taken well before the harm actually occurs. Since, in communication systems, the probability of occurrence of the burst errors is fairly high. Therefore, making such a provision, in advance, to control the burst error is highly desired.
Interleaving is defined as a method of permutation of a set of information bits. In communication technology domain, interleaving permutes the information bits that belong to single or multiple frames. This means permutation can be performed within the same frame or among the multiple frames [16]. For controlling adverse effect of the burst errors on a single frame, distribution of error bits among multiple frames is required. The interleaving mechanism helps in achieving this objective efficiently [12].
Summary of Chapters
1. INTRODUCTION: Discusses the necessity of errorless data transmission in modern 5G systems and the limitations of traditional Forward Error Correcting (FEC) codes.
2. BURST ERRORS: Explains the nature of burst errors as a severe impairment affecting multiple consecutive bits simultaneously, rendering standard FEC codes ineffective.
3. INTERLEAVING: Defines interleaving as a permutation mechanism designed to distribute burst errors across multiple frames to enable successful error correction.
4. INTERLEAVERS AND THEIR ADVANTAGES: Clarifies the distinction between interleaving as a process and interleavers as specific permutation patterns, highlighting their role in randomizing data and increasing system robustness.
5. MAJOR TYPES OF INTERLEAVERS: Provides an overview of various interleaver designs, including random, cyclic, power, prime number, tree, inverse tree, and modern Fisher-Yates interleavers.
6. APPLICATIONS OF INTERLEAVERS: Reviews the diverse application areas for interleavers, ranging from digital and cellular communications to storage systems and cyber security.
7. INTERLEAVER CENTRIC SYSTEMS: Compares traditional non-interleaver centric systems (like CDMA) with interleaver centric systems, where user identification and separation are primarily managed through unique interleaver patterns.
8. Conclusion: Summarizes the tutorial, emphasizing that the presented theory provides a foundational understanding of interleaving techniques and their importance in modern communication networks.
Keywords
Interleaving, Interleavers, 5G, Burst Errors, Forward Error Correction, Data Shuffling, Communication Systems, Multiple Access Systems, Random Interleavers, Cyclic Interleavers, Tree Interleavers, IDMA, CDMA, Signal Processing, User Separation
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core focus of this tutorial?
The tutorial focuses on the mechanisms and types of interleavers used in digital communication systems to combat burst errors and support multiple access scenarios.
What are the central themes discussed in this work?
The central themes include burst error characteristics, the mathematical permutation logic behind interleaving, the taxonomy of different interleaver types, and the concept of interleaver centric systems.
What is the primary goal of employing interleaving?
The primary goal is to transform burst errors into manageable, isolated bit errors that can be corrected by standard error-correcting codes, thereby ensuring reliable data transmission.
Which scientific methodology is used for this investigation?
The document uses a literature-based tutorial approach, providing technical definitions, mathematical illustrations of interleaving algorithms, and a comparative analysis of different interleaver structures.
What topics are covered in the main section of the document?
The main sections cover the technical definitions of interleaving, detailed generation algorithms for various interleaver types (such as random, cyclic, and tree-based), and their diverse applications across communication technologies.
Which keywords best characterize this work?
The work is characterized by terms such as interleaving, 5G, multiple access systems, FEC, IDMA, and burst error control.
What is the fundamental difference between CDMA and interleaver centric systems?
In CDMA, user identification is primarily based on unique spreading sequences, whereas in interleaver centric systems, user separation is achieved through the assignment of unique interleaver patterns.
Why are modern Fisher-Yates interleavers relevant?
They are relevant as they provide an efficient and randomized method for shuffling user data, which is essential for improving performance in complex communication systems like OFDM-IDMA.
How does the "user range parameter" contribute to system efficiency?
Introduced in the context of inverse tree interleavers, it allows for the direct calculation of computation complexity and memory requirements, leading to optimized hardware implementation.
- Arbeit zitieren
- Manish Yadav (Autor:in), 2020, An investigation on interleaving and interleavers for multiple access systems. A Tutorial, München, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/935040
