This study intends to analyze the causes of the high prevalence of the practice of female genital mutilations (FGM) in Sudan, Nigeria and Iraq. For the attainment of this particular objective, the researcher had used the secondary data collection and the qualitative data analysis method.
The results of the study indicate that the factors of culture, religion and society are the three most important ones which had directly contributed towards the high prevalence of FGM in the different developing nations like Sudan, Nigeria and Iraq among others. More importantly, the results also indicate that the practice of is an attempt on the part of the male dominated society of these nations to not only control the sexuality of the women but of almost all the aspects of their life.
Furthermore, this particular ritual while adversely affecting the wellbeing as well as the health of the women and the girls is a gross violation of the human rights or the basic fundamental rights of the girls and the women. In addition to these, it had been seen that although the different nations of the world like Sudan and Iraq in the recent years had taken the help of various measures, legislations and others but they have failed to help these nations to effectively reduce the high prevalence of FGM.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Research Objective
1.3 Research Questions
1.4 Rationale of the Study
1.5 Study Outline
1.6 Summary
Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
2.3 Summary
Chapter 3: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Social Dominance Theory
3.3 Social Norms Theory
3.4 Summary
Chapter 4: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Rationale for the Selection of Sudan, Nigeria and Iraq
4.3 Qualitative Data Analysis Method
4.4 Qualitative Study
4.5 Abductive Study
4.6 Limitations and Delimitations
4.7 Ethical Considerations
4.8 Summary
Chapter 5: PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Presentation of Findings
5.3 Summary
Chapter 6: ANALYSIS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Analysis of the Findings
6.3 Summary
Chapter 7: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1 Conclusion
7.2 Recommendations
7.3 Future Scope
Research Objectives and Themes
This study aims to investigate the factors driving the high prevalence of female genital mutilation (FGM) in Sudan, Nigeria, and Iraq, while assessing the effectiveness of current legislative and societal efforts to curb the practice.
- The influence of cultural, religious, and societal norms on the persistence of FGM.
- The role of male-dominated social structures in controlling female sexuality and autonomy.
- A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of legislative frameworks across the selected nations.
- The impact of FGM on the physical and psychological well-being of women and girls.
- Evaluation of implementation and monitoring strategies to effectively reduce FGM prevalence.
Excerpt from the Book
1.1 Introduction
As stated by Lurie et al. (2020), female genital mutilation (FGM) also called by the names of female circumcision, female genital cutting and others is the ritual practice of removing or cutting a part of or the entire external female genitalia of the female individuals mainly in the African, Middle Eastern and Asian nations. Shabila, Ahmed and Safari (2017) are of the viewpoint that in the majority of the cases the ritual is being executed before the girls turn five and generally involves the removal of the clitoral hood and clitoral glans, outer labia and inner labia and a small hole is being left for the passage of the urine and menstrual fluids. This as a matter of fact is a very painful process for the girls and usually entails with itself different adverse health effects like difficultly in urinating, chronic pain, recurrent infections, development of cysts, difficulty in getting pregnant, fatal bleeding, complications during childbirth and others (Ahmed, Shabu and Shabila 2019).
According to the official report of Unicef.org (2020) on female genital mutilations (FGM), every year more than 4 million girls all over the world belong the age of 15 years undergo the process of FGM and only 1 in every 3 cases are actually being handled by professional healthcare professionals. The large number of FGMs which are being executed by the unqualified professionals had significantly enhanced the health risks faced by the girls along with the health risks that they normally experience on account of the FGM that they undergo (Rouzi et al. 2019). More importantly, FGM in the nations of Sudan, Nigeria and Iraq since the traditional times had been the embodiment of the masochistic or misogynist culture which is dominated in the different nations of the world, particularly the third world nations (Klein et al. 2018). For instance, the primary idea behind the usage of this particular ritual in the nations of Sudan, Nigeria, Iraq and others is to ensure that the husband of the girl is being able to get the maximum amount of sexual pleasure while having intercourse with the girl, to prevent the girls from losing their virginity before marriage, to suppress their sexual desires, fantasies and others (Andro and Lesclingand 2017).
Summary of Chapters
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION: This chapter introduces the topic of FGM, establishing the research objectives, core questions, and the rationale for focusing on Sudan, Nigeria, and Iraq.
Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW: This chapter provides a comprehensive review of existing research on FGM, including health impacts and its entrenchment in religious and cultural traditions.
Chapter 3: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: This chapter outlines the Social Dominance Theory and Social Norms Theory as the primary analytical tools used to understand the persistence of FGM.
Chapter 4: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: This chapter details the qualitative, abductive research design and explains the rationale for selecting the specific study countries and data sources.
Chapter 5: PRESENTATION OF RESULTS: This chapter presents the data gathered regarding FGM prevalence and the challenges faced by international and national bodies in implementing effective policy.
Chapter 6: ANALYSIS: This chapter critically analyzes the findings by applying the theoretical frameworks to the documented cultural and societal drivers of FGM.
Chapter 7: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: This chapter synthesizes the research findings, concludes on the necessity of integrated monitoring strategies, and provides recommendations for empowerment and awareness.
Keywords
Female Genital Mutilation, Sexuality, Human Rights, Legislation, Culture, Religion, Society, Sudan, Nigeria, Iraq, Social Dominance Theory, Social Norms Theory, Empowerment, Health, Awareness
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this research?
The research focuses on analyzing the causes of the high prevalence of female genital mutilation (FGM) in Sudan, Nigeria, and Iraq and investigating why existing legislative measures have yielded limited success.
What are the central thematic areas covered in this study?
The study covers the intersection of FGM with cultural traditions, religious interpretations (specifically Islam), male-dominated societal structures, human rights violations, and the effectiveness of policy implementation.
What is the primary objective of this study?
The primary objective is to analyze the underlying causes of FGM prevalence in the selected countries and to identify effective strategies, such as empowerment and better policy monitoring, to reduce the practice.
Which scientific methodology is utilized in this paper?
The study employs a qualitative data analysis method combined with an abductive, desk-based research approach, utilizing secondary sources such as reports, peer-reviewed articles, and government documentation.
What does the main body of the work address?
The main body systematically explores the literature, establishes a theoretical framework (Social Dominance and Social Norms theories), discusses research methodology, presents findings from the three countries, and analyzes these findings in the context of the established theories.
Which keywords characterize this work?
The work is characterized by terms such as Female Genital Mutilation, human rights, cultural tradition, legislative framework, gender inequality, and socio-religious norms.
How does the situation in Nigeria differ from Sudan and Iraq regarding FGM?
In Sudan and Iraq, FGM is often deeply tied to specific interpretations of religion and Sharia law, whereas in Nigeria, the practice is more heavily ingrained as a cultural and family tradition independent of direct religious pressure.
What role do the selected theories play in the analysis?
Social Dominance Theory explains how male-dominated societies use FGM to maintain hierarchies and control female sexuality, while Social Norms Theory explains how individuals adopt FGM due to peer pressure and the desire to comply with perceived societal expectations.
What is the author's primary recommendation for reducing FGM?
The author recommends that nations implement stronger, well-monitored legislative strategies, empower women through education and social reform, and run awareness campaigns to educate men about the actual health harms caused by the practice.
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- Christian Troh (Autor:in), 2020, Violation of Women’s Rights. Female Genital Mutilation, München, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/937799
