Contamination of the world's oceans due to marine debris, especially human-engineered materials, is a global problem and a challenge for many countries, especially those with coastal communities. Marine debris has entered a new chapter since the international and national conferences were held since the 1950s. The UN (United Nation) in the environmental sector is known to explicitly state that marine debris has damaged the seas an oceans for a long time and has an impact on all areas of life.
Currently, more than 1.2 trillion plastic bags are used every year around the world for daily needs. About 2 million plastic bags are used every minute worldwide and around 32 million tons of plastic waste are generated annually, representing 12.7% of total solid waste. Every resident in Indonesia produces an average of 800 plastic bags per year.
This means that the use of plastic has become a necessity for humans. However, it is not balanced with a reduction or how it can be reused. Poor waste management, especially in developing countries, is one problem/challenge that must be addressed by the government. Almost all developing countries do not have complete infrastructures and legal regulations for waste management. For example, in a country like Indonesia, the recycling rate of waste is low at under 50%. The awareness not to litter is also a cause for concern. Garbage is easily found in gutters, roads, rivers, and coasts.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Marine Debris Definition
1.2. Sources of Marine Debris
2. The Cost of Marine Plastic Debris
2.1. Ocean Plastic
2.2. Impact and Public Loss of Marine Plastic Debris
2.3. Economic Valuation Technique for Plastic Waste Pollution
2.4. Marine Plastic Debris Damage Value
2.5. Summary and Policy Implication
3. Indonesian Marine Litter Management Behavior: Institutional Perspective
3.1. Plastic Issue
3.2. Theoritical Framework
3.3. Coastal society Factors
3.4. Factors of perceptions about marine litter
3.5. Factors of Anti-littering behavior
3.6. Factors of social system behavior
3.7. Size and Weight Characteristics of Marine Debris
3.8. Legal Regulation on the Institutional Authority of Marine Plastic Waste Management in the Regions
3.9. Conclusion
4. Modelling Approach to Mitigate Marine Debris
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Numerical Modelling
4.3. Remote Sensing
4.4. Instrument (Drifter & Web-cam)
5. From Education to Behavior Change, to Research and Action, from Divers Clean Action to Indonesia
5.1. DCA and Outreach in Kepulauan Seribu
5.1. Issues in Kepulauan Seribu
5.3. Local Actions
6. Marine Debris Outreach: from research to community
6.1. Global Outreach
6.2. Education and Outreach
7. How is the current technology for cleaning marine debris?
7.1. Development of Marine Debris Technologys
7.2. Future challenges
8. Marine Debris and Our Role to Overcome It
8.1. Marine Debris Issues
8.2. Commitment of KOMITMEN
8.3. Oureach Programme
8.4. Scientific Measurement
9. Regulations and Policies Related to Marine Debris
9.1. International Rules and Policies
9.2. National Regulations and Policies
10. Coastal Community Behavior in Treating Waste
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Indonesia as a Maritime Country
10.3. Profile of Household Behavior in Waste Management
10.4. Conclusion
11. Marine Debris in the coastal ecosystem: Lessons Learn from Research
11.1. The Marine Debris Issues
11.2. Water Park Kupang and its surroundings
11.3. Biawak Island
11.4. Future Challenges
Objectives & Core Topics
This book explores the multifaceted problem of marine debris in Indonesia, analyzing the ecological damage, social behaviors contributing to waste, and economic costs. It aims to provide a comprehensive framework for sustainable waste management, bridging the gap between research and practical community action through institutional perspectives and technological solutions.
- Ecological impacts of marine debris on coastal ecosystems.
- Socio-economic analysis of waste management and pollution costs.
- Institutional and behavioral perspectives on litter management.
- Modelling and remote sensing approaches to monitor and mitigate debris.
- Community-based outreach and education initiatives for behavioral change.
Excerpt from the Book
1.1. Marine Debris Definition
Marine debris is also referred to as marine litter or ocean garbage. In this book, the term used is marine debris. According to NOAA (2017), marine debris is a persistent solid object, produced by humans directly or indirectly, intentionally or unintentionally disposed of or left in the marine environment. The types of marine debris found consisted of various types of plastics, fabrics, foam, styrofoam, glass, ceramics, metals, paper, rubber and wood. Several size categories are used to classify marine debris, i.e. megadebris (> 100 mm), macrodebris (> 20-100 mm), mesodebris (> 5-20 mm), and microdebris (0.3-5 mm). This garbage comes from humans and nature itself. When we talk about marine debris, we describe its amount, volume, size, type, distribution, and mechanism. The sea itself is defined as water column, coast, and sediment. This includes ecosystems and biota as well as humans.
Researchers first discovered tiny plastic fragments made of polystyrene in the ocean in the early 1970s (Carpenter et al., 1972). The term 'microplastic' was introduced in the mid 2000s. Microplastic is generally defined as plastic fragments that turn into small pieces up to 5 millimeters. The definition of microplastic size was defined by NOAA at the first international microplastic research workshop in 2008. The smaller the size is, the particle is not included in the microplastic category. To obtain samples it is necessary to use neuston nets with a mesh size of (333 m or 0.33 mm) (Arthur et al., 2009).
Summary of Chapters
1. Introduction: Provides an overview of the global marine debris crisis, highlighting its impact on ecosystems and the specific waste challenges facing Indonesia.
2. The Cost of Marine Plastic Debris: Discusses the financial and non-financial economic losses caused by plastic waste and introduces economic valuation techniques.
3. Indonesian Marine Litter Management Behavior: Institutional Perspective: Analyzes the sociological aspects of littering and the institutional framework required for better management.
4. Modelling Approach to Mitigate Marine Debris: Details scientific methods, including numerical modelling and remote sensing, used to predict and track marine debris.
5. From Education to Behavior Change, to Research and Action, from Divers Clean Action to Indonesia: Examines community-driven initiatives and the role of education in fostering behavioral change.
6. Marine Debris Outreach: from research to community: Explores global and local outreach strategies to communicate the severity of marine debris to various stakeholders.
7. How is the current technology for cleaning marine debris?: Reviews current technologies, such as nets, conveyors, and trapping systems, and discusses future challenges in cleaning marine environments.
8. Marine Debris and Our Role to Overcome It: Focuses on the role of specific research groups and the commitment needed from both individuals and institutions to combat the crisis.
9. Regulations and Policies Related to Marine Debris: Evaluates national and international legal frameworks designed to govern marine environmental protection.
10. Coastal Community Behavior in Treating Waste: Investigates the relationship between socio-economic status, education levels, and waste disposal habits in coastal communities.
11. Marine Debris in the coastal ecosystem: Lessons Learn from Research: Presents specific case studies on mangrove ecosystems and the impact of macro-debris in various Indonesian locations.
Keywords
Marine debris, plastic pollution, waste management, Indonesia, coastal ecosystem, microplastics, environmental policy, behavioral change, waste valuation, ocean current modelling, community outreach, sustainable development, waste segregation, marine conservation.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this work?
The work provides a holistic overview of marine debris in Indonesia, covering its ecological impact, economic consequences, and social aspects, while proposing pathways for better management through policy and community engagement.
What are the central thematic fields covered?
The core themes include oceanography and waste modelling, environmental economics, institutional policy analysis, community education, and the impact of waste on specific coastal ecosystems like mangroves.
What is the primary objective or research question?
The primary objective is to analyze how marine debris in Indonesia can be mitigated by understanding the interaction between human behavior, central/regional policies, and physical oceanographic processes.
Which scientific methods are utilized?
The authors employ various methods including numerical trajectory modelling, remote sensing (SAR/LIDAR), socio-economic surveys, waste categorization analyses, and community-based focus group discussions.
What is treated in the main body?
The main body covers a wide range: from defining different types of debris (micro- to mega-sized), economic valuation techniques, the role of institutional frameworks, and technological innovations for cleaning, to specific case studies on Indonesian islands like Kepulauan Seribu and Biawak Island.
Which keywords characterize this work?
Key terms include marine debris, plastic pollution, waste management, institutional framework, behavioral change, coastal ecology, and economic valuation.
How does the book address the economic impact of marine plastic?
It details specific economic valuation techniques, such as Benefit-Cost Analysis and Contingent Valuation, to calculate the tangible and intangible losses caused by debris to industries like tourism and fisheries.
What is the "Coleman model" mentioned in the text?
It refers to a recognized sociological framework used to investigate how micro-level individual actions are linked to macro-level social structures, specifically applied here to analyze marine littering behavior.
What specific role do NGOs like "Divers Clean Action" play?
They act as facilitators for community development, providing education and creating tangible infrastructure like waste banks to encourage local participation in sustainable waste management.
- Quote paper
- Noir P. Purba (Editor), Prof. Dr. Zuzy Anna (Editor), 2020, Marine Debris in Indonesia. Ecology, Social, and Economic Aspects, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/956347
