A CJC is a court based in the community dedicated to problem solving and not punishing.
It handles low-level criminal cases; typical neighborhood problems like drugs, crime, domestic violence and landlord-tenant.
The community court model is based largely on the broken windows theory which says that disorder in a community grows when left unchecked. If a window in a building is broken and left unrepaired all the rest of the windows will soon be broken.
In the Center a single judge hears the cases but instead of sentencing in the ordinary way he has an array of other sanctions and services at his disposal.
The ordinary court system and its problems
The court systems are overtaxed and many cases are not heard until months. Some of the cases are even closed without any acceptable result. In these cases both victim and offender lose.
Another big problem is the burgeoning prison population in Europe and the US.
One-time foolish acts can result in a criminal conviction and maybe start a criminal career.
The High recidivism rate is alarming too. Youngsters commit crime over and over again; they go out the front door of the court room and come back to the backdoor. That is why even judges nowadays say that you need to divert youngsters from crime at the earliest stage possible. You need to “nip crime in the bud before it gets started”[1]
The residents who abide by the law are demoralized by the chronic offending.
Standard sentences like jail, fines or probation may punish the offender, but they do little to restore the damage caused by crime.
The Community Justice Center / How does it work?
A CJC is a court based in the community dedicated to problem solving and not punishing.
It handles low-level criminal cases; typical neighborhood problems like drugs, crime, domestic violence and landlord-tenant.
The community court model is based largely on the “broken windows” theory[2] which says that disorder in a community grows when left unchecked. If a window in a building is broken and left unrepaired all the rest of the windows will soon be broken.
In the Center a single judge hears the cases but instead of sentencing in the ordinary way he has an array of other sanctions and services at his disposal.
A Range of sentencing options / Tools to get youngsters 'back on track'
The offenders can be mandated to participate in drug treatments or mental health counseling where they are given advice from a doctor. They can also be send to job counseling where experts look at their potentials. Youngsters can try to redeem earlier failure: They are given a 2nd chance and they can even graduate. (high-school equivalence classes)
Restitution projects: The offenders are mandated to restore the community. They have to paint over their graffitis, plant trees and to clean up the neighborhood park or sweep the streets.
You also have the possibility to talk with the respondent in a safe and neutral setting.
People ask if this is just soft justice but the contrary is the case.: If the offender breaches the order he may receive a very severe punishment for betraying a trust.
A fundamental shift in philosophy
The lower level cases cause problems for the community. If left unaddressed, low-level offenses erode the communal order lead to decay and create an atmosphere where more serious crime can grow.
A community court has to acknowledge this reality. The CJ programs give citizens an active role in making their neighborhood stronger and safer. Often the community is invited to come together once a week in the CJC where proposals can be made to improve life in the community.
The restitution programs make justice more visible in the community. A community court puts offenders to work in places where neighbors can see what they are doing. (over painting graffitis, cleaning the park) The offenders have to wear outfits which identifies them performing community service. Of course the court tries to give evidence fo its accomplishments for instance by publishing success stories.
We can see a shift from working in isolation to engaging in collaboration.
There is a shift from a narrow focus on offenders to broader appreciation of how crime affects victims and communities. The focus is not on blame and fault of the offender. The purpose is to heal the hurt and of course to prevent it happening again.
The philosophy of the Community Justice is to combine punishment with help. The community recognizes that those who break the laws have lost control over their lives.
The CJC strengthens families and helps individuals to avoid further involvement with the court system.
Community Justice in England?
Merseyside, Anfield (near Liverpool) The exact location of the new Community Justice Center hasn't been finalized yet. There is a plan to bring to Liverpool's justice a little bit of NYC.
In the year 2002 David Blunkett (Home Secretary) visited a neighborhood in Brooklyn/NY called 'Red Hook' where he found a project that impressed him greatly: a court based in the community dedicated to problem solving and not punishing, the so called ' Red Hook justice center '. The development of Community Justice Centers was outlined in Mr. Blunkett's recent White Paper on anti-social behavior.
On the 15th of December Britain's Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs, Lord Falconer of Thoroton, was in Manhattan/New York to mark the tenth anniversary of the ' Midtown Community Court', a court in NY that was launched in 1993.
The situation in Merseyside is comparable with the situation of Brooklyn/ NY: Both areas suffer from high unemployment, a high crime-rate and anti-social behavior. You find a deprived inner city area. The lack of prospects causes drug and alcohol abuse. There is no supply for kids. Here the CJC is likely to be situated.
The centre is a joint initiative by the three criminal justice departments - the Home Office, the Department for Constitutional Affairs and the Crown Prosecution Service.
The plan is to install a court in England based on the two successful models on NYC described in the following.
The model of Midtown/Manhattan
This court opened in Manhattan 1993 tackles quality-of-life offenses, such as prostitution, illegal vending, graffiti, shoplifting, fare beating and vandalism. The judges sentence low-level offenders to pay back the neighborhood through community service while at the same time offering them help with problems that often underlie criminal behavior. The court collaborates with the residents, some businesses and social service agencies who offer social services like drug treatment, health care and job training.[3]
The model of Red Hook / NY:
Red Hook still is a depressed area in Brooklyn/NY that suffers from high unemployment and a high crime rate. Now life is improving in small ways. The CJC, a statuary and voluntary agency, is just about 3 years old now. The tone in the court sessions is anything but typical there.
The offenders are asked why they came there. The court handles low-level cases, the majority related to drug and drug addictions. But the court can be called multi-jurisdictional because it will also handle Family Court and Civil Court matters, including landlord-tenant disputes and juvenile delinquency cases. Again the judge has several possibilities, he can send the offenders to participate in a drug treatment program or to a job training program.
Red Hook also includes a Youth Court, which uses peer pressure to fight crime by having young people act as judges, jurors and attorneys in hearing actual low-level cases involving other teens.
The center's equipment is very modern, especially the computers. The center uses a database to m ake information available to everyone at the same time. The new data is accessible by the judge, prosecutors, defense attorneys and social service staff. This allows all parties to share information as soon as it is available.
The courthouse's design is a physical expression of the court’s goals and values. All elements of the courthouse — holding cells, public entryways, and office space — reflect transparancy and openess. You will find no bars there, instead the designer engineers used a lot of glass.
All the Courts are operated as a public/private partnership among the NY State Unified Court System, the City of NY and the Fund for the City NY.
The experiment has been successfully replicated in at least thirty places in the US, vastly different places.[4]
Factors of the efficacy
Apart from manpower and financial support, the character/personality of the judge certainly plays a major role. A strength is of course when court an center are under one roof, in the same building, because when someone is convicted they can be assessed immediately, background reports can easily be given and there is no delay.
The judges in Liverpool already had some means: Liverpool was one of the first cities that introduced the DTTO's, the drug treatment and testing orders which give judges an option: judges can suspend an automatically dismissed charge if an offender agrees to undergo a course of treatment and testing; The progress of the defendant is monitored monthly.
Similar is the ISSP: the Intensive supervision and surveillance program: It mostly consists of group work, mainly for young people who are run into ISSP but also for specific problems. The officers are getting young people to think about what they have done and how they could come to this. The youngsters have to take responsibility for 24h a day for their lives. This sounds promising but can be no guarantee of course.
The offenders have to participate in all the session and have to stay out of trouble for 6 months. A probation officer looks if they are committed to the order If not they are resentenced, usually send to prison,. The question is: CUSTODY OR TREATMENT?
"What will it bring to community?"
The new center is very deliberately called "community justice center"
It is very important to persuade communities that a difference can be made, that there is someone to protect and help them. The community can visibly see there is a team working for them in their own community and that will certainly increase confidence. It is a source for parents, where they can get all information and service. You find people who sit down and talk to youth. Judges can give their expertise and so benefit to the community.
The Community Justice services are available to the entire community, to all those touched by crime, their relatives, community members and defendants.
"Getting the community involved is the key"[5]
Many people think there is nothing they can do; They ask themselves how they can make a change to this. The professionals of the community justice have to say to every single member of the community that they can.
Judith S. Kaye / chief judge of NY state: (she is an enthusiast for community justice systems like red hook) "Problem solving was not a typical role for the judges. What is the judiciary role? NY is very seriously into it. Here we get a feedback of the judges: Problem solving is what judges have to do! It is truly a comfortable role for a judge to be a problem solver. Judges of course are no social workers, but isn’t it frustrating when the offender goes out the front door and comes back the back door. That means 'devoting time and effort' in vain. I think the most persuasive evidence for the efficacy of the CJC is: listen to the judges!“
Sources:
Law in Action: "Community Justice Centers". [Radio series]. London: BBC Radio 4, November 14, 2003.
Electronic sources:
http://www.courtinnovation.org/demo_09rhcjc.html
http://www.courtinnovation.org/demo_01mcc.html
http://www.communityjustice.org/exchange.asp
http://www.abanet.org/journal/redesign/06fhook.html
http://www.nycourts.gov/courts/nyc/housing/redhookhistory.shtml
http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/20000701/4/143
[...]
[1] Calabrese, A., 2003. Interview. in Law in action. [Radio]. London: BBC4. 14th November
[2] Wilson, J., A., Kelling G., 1982 The Atlantic Monthly Broken Windows. political scientist
[3] http://www.courtinnovation.org/demo_01mcc.html [Accessed 23rd June 2004]
[4] http://www.courtinnovation.org/demo_09rhcjc.html [Accessed 23rd June 2004]
Frequently Asked Questions about Community Justice Centers
What are the problems with the ordinary court system?
The ordinary court systems are often overtaxed, leading to delays in hearing cases. Many cases are closed without acceptable results, leaving both victims and offenders feeling as though justice has not been served. Furthermore, there is a burgeoning prison population, and one-time foolish acts can result in criminal convictions. High recidivism rates are also a significant concern, with young offenders repeatedly committing crimes. Residents who abide by the law are demoralized by chronic offending. Standard sentences often fail to restore the damage caused by crime.
What is a Community Justice Center (CJC)?
A Community Justice Center (CJC) is a court based in the community, dedicated to problem-solving rather than solely focusing on punishment. It handles low-level criminal cases and typical neighborhood problems such as drugs, crime, domestic violence, and landlord-tenant disputes.
How does a CJC work?
The community court model is based on the "broken windows" theory, which posits that unchecked disorder in a community can lead to further decay and more serious crime. A single judge hears cases and has access to a range of sanctions and services beyond ordinary sentencing.
What sentencing options are available in a CJC?
Offenders can be mandated to participate in drug treatments, mental health counseling, and job counseling. Youngsters can be given a second chance through high-school equivalence classes. Restitution projects, such as painting over graffiti, planting trees, and cleaning up parks, are also common. There is also the possibility of talking with the respondent in a safe and neutral setting.
Is Community Justice just "soft justice"?
No, it is not. If an offender breaches the order they may receive a very severe punishment for betraying a trust.
What is the philosophy behind Community Justice?
The philosophy involves a shift from a narrow focus on offenders to a broader appreciation of how crime affects victims and communities. The purpose is to heal the hurt caused by crime and prevent future occurrences. Community Justice combines punishment with help, recognizing that those who break the law have often lost control over their lives. The goal is to strengthen families and help individuals avoid further involvement with the court system.
Is Community Justice being implemented in England?
Yes, there are plans to establish a Community Justice Center in Merseyside, near Liverpool. This initiative is inspired by successful models in New York City, such as the Red Hook Justice Center and the Midtown Community Court.
What are the key features of the Midtown Community Court model?
The Midtown Community Court, which opened in Manhattan in 1993, tackles quality-of-life offenses and sentences low-level offenders to community service. It also provides them with access to social services such as drug treatment, health care, and job training.
What are the key features of the Red Hook Community Justice Center model?
The Red Hook Community Justice Center handles low-level cases related to drugs and drug addictions, as well as Family Court and Civil Court matters. It offers drug treatment programs and job training. It includes a Youth Court. The center uses a database to make information accessible to all parties involved in a case simultaneously.
What factors contribute to the efficacy of Community Justice Centers?
Manpower, financial support, and the personality of the judge are important. It's also beneficial if the court and center are under one roof. Drug Treatment and Testing Orders (DTTOs) and Intensive Supervision and Surveillance Programs (ISSPs) can also be effective.
What are the benefits of Community Justice for the community?
Community Justice Centers aim to persuade communities that a difference can be made. The community can see a team working for them and increase confidence in the justice system. They serve as a resource for parents and offer opportunities for youth to engage with professionals. Community Justice services are available to the entire community, including victims, their relatives, community members, and defendants.
How can the community get involved?
Professionals in community justice need to communicate to every community member that they can make a difference.
What is the perspective of judges on Community Justice?
Judith S. Kaye, chief judge of NY state, believes problem-solving is an essential role for judges and that Community Justice is a valuable approach. It can address the frustration of offenders repeatedly cycling through the court system.
- Citation du texte
- Philipp Hujo (Auteur), 2004, Community Justice Centers, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/108856
