Excerpt
Table of contents
1. INTRODUCTION
2. EXPERIMENTAL
2.1 Material Preparation
2.2 Preparation of Leaves Extract
2.3 Weight Loss Study
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Weight loss measurement
3.2 Adsorption isotherms
3.3 Thermodynamics parameters
3.4 The Activation energy (Ea)
4. CONCLUSION
5. REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
Suregada multiflora leaves extract (SMLE) was prepared and used as a new eco-friendly green inhibitor for acid induced corrosion of mild steel(MS) in 1M HCl solution. The aqueous extract of leaves of Suregada multiflora was tested by dipping MS coupons in 1M HCl with and without SMLE solution at 303 K, 313 K, 333K and 343K using gravimetric method. The data obtained by weight loss measurement revealed that the SMLE has good inhibiton effect and mitigates the rate of corrosion. The inhibition efficiency (IE) increases with an increase in inhibitor concentration and with the exposure time. The adsorption study showed that the use of SMLE obeyed the Langmuir isotherm with regression co-efficient value nearly equal to unity. A part from this, Flory-Huggins isotherm and Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm were also used to study the interaction between the inhibitors and the mild steel surface, and mechanism of electrochemical reaction. At last the free energy of adsorption and activation energy were calculated and discussed.
Keywords: Corrosion inhibitor, Inhibition efficiency, Weight loss, Isotherm
1. INTRODUCTION
Metallic corrosion is one of the greatest problems in developed and developing countries due to unusual wastages of metallic instruments in the industrial sector 1. Metallic corrosion arises due to environmental effects. Corrosion is unfavourable as many direct and indirect costs arise due to the damages such as productivity losses, interruptions, breakdowns, environmental pollutions, and even some legal actions 2.
About 2.5 trillion dollars which is the approximately 2.4% total gross of domestic products can be saved by corrosion inhibition of metals according to a worldwide study of the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) 3. Among the metals, iron is one of the central metals and it alone contributes 60% to the industrial revolution. Iron and steel have been used almost in every field like transportation, construction, and machinery, etc 4.But the only problem is found for iron that it rusts easily and the corrosion products of iron may lead to construction collapse, leakage of fluids can lead to a serious accident and a threat to the environment. Especially in industry, acid is used to wash different machinery parts and in this acid pickling process, the machinery parts get deteriorated 5. Nowadays acid pickling process becomes a major problem for expensive machinery parts. With proper corrosion prevention technologies, about 30% of losses in industries can be avoided. One of the expensive problems is the corrosion of the above metals in acid solution. In industry, hydrochloric acid has been used in metallic materials for chemical cleaning, de-scaling, pickling, etc 6.An acid environment promotes corrosion and it can’t be prevented. Modern science can delay the corrosion process. Several methods can be used to mitigate corrosion. The best method to reduce corrosion is the use of inhibitors. A corrosion inhibitor represents the chemical compound that decreases the rate of corrosion of metallic substances when added to a gas or liquid phase. The inhibitors are mixed with solutions that are in direct contact with metal which prevents the anodic or cathodic reactions in an electrochemical cell that mitigates the corrosion 7. The plant extracts are biologically acceptable, eco-friendly, or green corrosion inhibitors which can respond in a proper way to mitigate the corrosion without damaging the eco-system of the environment [8, 9]. In the market, large numbers of inhibitors are available. Different organic and inorganic compounds are used for these purposes. But few of them are environmentally friendly. Appropriate inhibitor selection is a very difficult task. Presently use of natural products like plant extracts is an emerging concept to make an eco-friendly planet. There are numerous studies where Plant-based corrosion inhibitors have been used [10, 11]. Recently green inhibitors attract the spotlight due to some of their advantages like they are eco-friendly, biodegradable, and nontoxic and does not contain any heavy metals [12-14]. Plant extracts are found to be rich sources of phytochemicals which can be a good substitution for traditional toxic inhibitors [15-17]. Leaves extract has been in the centre of interest of researchers due to its high content of phytochemicals compare to the other parts of the plants [18, 19]. In this work, Suregada multiflora leaves extract (SMLE) was studied as an environmentally friendly green corrosion inhibitor on iron metal in HCl solution by weight loss measurement.
2. EXPERIMENTAL
2.1 Material Preparation
The surface of rectangular pieces of iron with length 6.5 cm and width 2.5 cm were polished with emery paper and boiled for 15 minutes. The pieces were cleansed with double distilled water, dried in the air, and then in the oven. The weight of dry pieces was taken. The same process was repeated until getting constant weight.
2.2 Preparation of Leaves Extract
The leaves of Suregada multiflora plant were collected from the Botanical garden of Raiganj University. The leaves were washed with distilled water and are dried in an oven. Then about 15.0 g of leaves were weighed and boiled in 300 ml double distilled water to reduce the volume to 150ml. Again 75 ml distilled water was added and reduced to 200 ml. Finally, it was made cool and it was filtered with Whatman 40 filter paper, and preserved for the study.
2.3 Weight Loss Study
1M HCl solution was prepared by mixing the acid in distilled water and the corrosion study was carried out using 90 ml of the suitable corrosion medium. Initially, the weight of the specimen was measured and the required quantity of inhibitor was added to a 100ml glass beaker containing 90ml of synthetic corrosive medium and iron coupon. Experiments were conducted at 303 K, 313 K, 333 K, and 343 K temperatures. The time of contact during the study for a particular concentration of inhibitor was varied from 1 to 24 hours (i.e. 1, 2, 4,8,16 and 24 hours). Similarly, the experiment was repeated for the same period by altering the concentration of the inhibitor. The weight loss of the specimen was measured using a digital balance (K- Roy). The efficiency of the inhibitor was then expressed by using the data of the experiment.
The inhibition efficiency (η%) measured by the following equation
(1) Surface coverage ( θ ) measured by the following equation-
(2) Corrosion rate ( CR ) is measured by the following equation
(3) Where are lost in the weight of the metal with and without inhibitor respectively. Similarly, W0 and W are the initial and final weight of the iron coupon respectively, and A is the area of the iron coupon, and t stands for immersion time 20.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Weight loss measurement
Weight loss experiments show that by changing the concentration of corrosion inhibitors both the rate and inhibition efficiency change. The %, CR, and surface coverage (θ) can be calculated by using a gravimetric method that helps to determine the effectiveness of corrosion inhibition.
3.1.1 Exposure time and inhibition efficiency
Exposure or immersion time studies were performed to explore the stability of the corrosion inhibitor film as well as the rate of adsorption. The inhibition efficiency with various exposure times of iron in presence of a fixed concentration of inhibitors is presented in figure 1. The inhibition efficiency is determined from the weight loss measurement of mild steel in 1M HCl for 0.55g inhibitor concentration per 100 ml of corrosive medium and at 30°C temperature. It is clear from Figure-1 that the inhibition efficiency of Suregada multiflora on iron coupon raises with an increase in exposure time in the HCl medium. The main cause behind this is the formation of a very thin coating layer of inhibitor molecules on the metal surface.
There is a gradual rise in inhibition efficiency with rising immersion time and after 16 hours it decreases. The maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency was attained as a result of rapid adsorption of the inhibitor on the mild steel surface due to the presence of a greater number of active inhibitor molecules. The inhibition efficiency was found to be minimum (79.3%) after one hour of exposure period and it became maximum (96.28%) at 16 hours of exposure time.
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Fig. 3: A plot between Inhibitor Concentration and Surface Coverage
Figure 2 & 3 shows that the inhibition efficiency, as well as surface coverage raises with rising in the concentration of inhibitors in the HCl environment. It is due to the increase in the number of inhibitor molecules on the iron–acid solution interface.
3.1.3 Inhibitor concentration and corrosion rate
The corrosion-resistant value of Suregada multiflora was evaluated by adding the extract in 1.65, 1.28, 0.92, 0.55 and 0.18g/100ml concentration in corrosive medium (1M HCl). Figure 4 shows the plot between rates of corrosion with a concentration of the inhibitor. The experimental data revealed that the rate of corrosion decreases with a rise in concentration. The corrosion rate of the metal is considerably decreased from 0.00070 for low inhibitor concentration solution to 0.000278 at higher inhibitor concentration solution at 303K.
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