Bovine brucellosis is an exceptionally contagious, zoonotic and financially significant bacterial disease. The point of this paper was to review accessible logical information on serological tests for the analysis of bovine brucellosis and look at their test execution in view of sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) upsides of measures. The infection was portrayed by early abortion, placentitis, epididymitis, and orchitis.
The clinical image of brucellosis is not pathognomonic, and the clinical history of the patient, especially the event of fetal removal, is of central symptomatic significance. Although definitive diagnosis of bovine brucellosis is finished by disconnection and distinguishing proof of the causative agents, serological tests are normally the most preferred. The host defense mechanism against Brucella can practically be partitioned into innate or nonspecific and adaptive or specific immunity. The pathogenic brucella living being has fostered a battery of instruments to sidestep or potentially regulate both innate and adaptive immune reactions in their host.
Serological tests depend on the way that Brucella abortus, similar to other smooth Brucella, have distinctive O-polysaccharides that incite a humoral reaction with an underlying production of IgM trailed by IgG1 and IgG2/IgA. Serological techniques accessible for the analysis of bovine brucellosis incorporate the screening serological test (Milk ring test, Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and Buffered plate agglutination test (BPAT)) and corroborative serological test, which are the complement fixation test (CFT), serum agglutination test (SAT), 2-mercaptoethanol test (2ME), indirect-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA), and, more recently, competitive ELISA (cELISA) and Brucella fluorescent polarization assay (FPA). For quite a long time, there was no single serological test that is suitable in each and every epidemiological circumstance and 100% precise.
Table of Contents
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. HOST IMMUNE RESPONSES IN BRUCELLA INFECTION
- 2.1. Innate Immunity
- 2.2. Adaptive Immunity
- 3. SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSTIC TESTS IN BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS
- 3.1. Screening Serological Tests
- 3.2. Confirmatory serological tests
- 4. TEST PERFORMANCE AND COST COMPARISON OF SEROLOGICAL TESTS
- 5. ENDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- 6. REFERENCES
Objectives and Key Themes
This paper reviews available serological tests for diagnosing bovine brucellosis and analyzes their performance in terms of sensitivity and specificity. The main objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the diagnostic methods used, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.
- Host immune responses to Brucella infection (innate and adaptive immunity)
- Serological diagnostic tests for bovine brucellosis (screening and confirmatory tests)
- Performance and cost-effectiveness of various serological tests
- Challenges in diagnosing bovine brucellosis
- Need for improved diagnostic tools
Chapter Summaries
1. INTRODUCTION: This chapter introduces bovine brucellosis, a highly contagious zoonotic disease caused by Brucella species, primarily Brucella abortus. It details the economic significance of the disease, characterized by late-term abortions, infertility, and reduced milk production. The chapter highlights the challenges in controlling brucellosis, particularly in developing countries like Ethiopia, and emphasizes the critical role of serological testing in control and eradication programs. The lack of pathognomonic clinical signs necessitates laboratory confirmation, usually through serological tests, due to the difficulties and risks associated with bacterial isolation.
2. HOST IMMUNE RESPONSES IN BRUCELLA INFECTION: This chapter explores the bovine host's immune response to Brucella infection, differentiating between innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity, including physical and humoral barriers and cellular components, provides the initial defense. Adaptive immunity, encompassing antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses, is crucial for long-term protection. The chapter likely discusses how Brucella has evolved mechanisms to evade or modulate both innate and adaptive immune responses, contributing to the persistence of the infection.
3. SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSTIC TESTS IN BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS: This chapter provides a detailed overview of various serological tests used for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. It categorizes these tests into screening tests (e.g., Rose Bengal Plate Test, Milk Ring Test, Buffered Plate Agglutination Test) and confirmatory tests (e.g., Complement Fixation Test, 2-Mercaptoethanol test, ELISA, Serum Agglutination Test, Fluorescence Polarization Test). The chapter likely discusses the principles, advantages, and limitations of each test, highlighting the need for a combination of tests to achieve optimal diagnostic accuracy. The chapter would also discuss considerations for choosing tests based on local regulations and available resources.
4. TEST PERFORMANCE AND COST COMPARISON OF SEROLOGICAL TESTS: This chapter focuses on a comparative analysis of the performance characteristics (sensitivity and specificity) and costs of the various serological tests discussed in the previous chapter. It likely presents data on the relative merits of different tests, considering factors like accuracy, cost-effectiveness, and ease of implementation in different settings. This analysis is crucial for informing decisions about the most appropriate test or test combination for specific epidemiological contexts.
Keywords
Bovine Brucellosis; Brucella abortus; diagnosis; sensitivity; specificity; serological tests; test performance; innate immunity; adaptive immunity; screening tests; confirmatory tests; cost-effectiveness.
Frequently Asked Questions: A Comprehensive Review of Serological Tests for Diagnosing Bovine Brucellosis
What is the main topic of this document?
This document provides a comprehensive review of serological tests used for diagnosing bovine brucellosis, a highly contagious zoonotic disease. It analyzes the performance of these tests, considering factors like sensitivity, specificity, and cost-effectiveness, and explores the bovine immune response to the infection.
What are the key themes explored in this review?
The key themes include: the bovine immune response to Brucella infection (both innate and adaptive immunity); various serological diagnostic tests (screening and confirmatory tests, including their principles, advantages, and limitations); a comparative analysis of test performance and cost-effectiveness; and the challenges in diagnosing bovine brucellosis and the need for improved diagnostic tools.
What types of serological tests are discussed?
The review discusses both screening tests (like the Rose Bengal Plate Test, Milk Ring Test, and Buffered Plate Agglutination Test) and confirmatory tests (like the Complement Fixation Test, 2-Mercaptoethanol test, ELISA, Serum Agglutination Test, and Fluorescence Polarization Test). The document details the principles and limitations of each.
How does the document compare different serological tests?
A dedicated chapter compares the performance characteristics (sensitivity and specificity) and costs of the various serological tests. This comparative analysis aims to guide decisions about selecting the most appropriate test or combination of tests based on factors like accuracy, cost-effectiveness, and ease of implementation.
What is the role of the bovine immune system in Brucellosis?
The document explores both innate (initial defense mechanisms) and adaptive (long-term protection) immune responses in cattle infected with Brucella. It likely discusses how Brucella evades or modulates these responses to ensure its persistence.
What is the significance of bovine brucellosis?
Bovine brucellosis is highlighted as a highly contagious zoonotic disease causing significant economic losses due to late-term abortions, infertility, and reduced milk production. The review emphasizes the challenges in controlling the disease, particularly in developing countries.
What are the challenges in diagnosing bovine brucellosis?
The lack of distinct clinical signs necessitates laboratory confirmation, usually via serological testing, due to the difficulty and risks associated with bacterial isolation. The review likely highlights other challenges related to test accuracy, resource limitations, and the need for improved diagnostic tools.
What are the key conclusions or recommendations of the review?
The document's concluding chapter presents recommendations based on the analysis of various serological tests, likely emphasizing the importance of selecting the most appropriate test or combination of tests for different contexts to optimize accuracy and cost-effectiveness in controlling bovine brucellosis.
What keywords are associated with this review?
Keywords include: Bovine Brucellosis; Brucella abortus; diagnosis; sensitivity; specificity; serological tests; test performance; innate immunity; adaptive immunity; screening tests; confirmatory tests; cost-effectiveness.
- Citar trabajo
- Isayas Asefa (Autor), Haben Fesseha (Autor), 2022, Serological Diagnostic Methods. An Overview, Múnich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1192279
