In this paper, alternate theories for the Big Bang and Standard Model are proposed, which theorize how galaxies are created. The galaxy formation model explains how and where the fundamental particles are created. The greater universe is theorized as consisting exclusively of Dark Matter (DM) and Energy. DM has mass and is the source of the gravitational field. DM hosts kinetic and potential energy. A stable greater universe is the end result of entropy, wherein DM and energy are uniformly distributed.
Fluctuations in these evenly spaced DM particles allow gravitational attraction to concentrate DM, creating galactic size DM strings. The masses of DM violate entropy by concentrating kinetic and potential energy. In these DM concentrations, collisions between large DM concentrations form a spinning DM galaxy. Inside these spinning turbulent DM galaxies, DM is theorized to undergo phase change into particle size droplets. DM droplet sphere collisions are theorized to create gamma rays by converting kinetic energy into gamma ray photons (probably via 3rd or 4th derivative of DM sphere velocity).
DM spheres are predicted to capture gamma rays via Total Internal Reflection (TIR) creating a DM sphere with EM fields. Thus creating electrons, positrons, neutrons and protons. TIR is possible when the index of refraction between inside the DM sphere and outside satisfy: (n1/n2)(sin q1)>1 where n2 = 1 which is outside of the DM sphere, n1 is the DM’s index of refraction and q1 is the angle from vertical to the DM’s surface. These gamma rays may be generated inside of the DM sphere during the collisions or be captured because of the DM sphere’s expected high index of refraction.
To create a particle with EM forces, the particle must support internal standing waves, which requires the DM sphere dimension to satisfy gamma ½ wavelength dimensions. The simplest being a half wavelength diameter sphere, which probably results in an electron or positron when capturing a gamma ray. The TIR photon provides a total positive on negative external E field because the trailing photon’s E field is reversed by the lens effect during reflections inside the DM sphere, yielding an E field in the same direction as the first half of the photon's E field direction.
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- DM and Energy Theory
- DM Index of Refraction
- Photons
- Gamma Ray Sources
- DM Phase Change
- Photon Discussion
- Photon Hologram & Image
- New Photon Concept
- Photon Momentum
- Does a Photon Contain DM?
- Particle Formation
- Wave Structure Theory
- Wave Structure Model
- Required DM Optical Density
- Mini BH Ruled Out
- DM Phase Change Candidate
- Origin of Charge
- Lens Effect Reverses E Field Direction
- Electron Positron Discussion
- Possible Particles
- Half Diameter DM Combinations
- One λ Diameter DM Sphere
- DM Sphere Supporting Several Half Wavelength Internal Reflections
- Figure 8 Detailed Description
- Neutron Decaying to a Proton
- Antiproton
- References
- Figure of Citations
Objectives and Key Themes
This paper proposes an alternate theory for the Big Bang and Standard Model, focusing on the creation of galaxies and fundamental particles within them. The theory posits that the universe consists primarily of Dark Matter (DM) and energy, with DM being the source of gravitational fields and hosting kinetic and potential energy.
- Formation of Galaxies from Dark Matter
- Creation of Fundamental Particles from Dark Matter
- The Role of Photons in Particle Formation
- An Alternative to the Standard Model
- The Nature of Dark Matter and its Properties
Chapter Summaries
- Introduction: The paper introduces the concept of an alternate theory for the Big Bang and Standard Model, highlighting the role of Dark Matter (DM) and energy in the universe.
- DM and Energy Theory: This section outlines the proposed theory that energy exists only in association with DM, with DM possessing mass and providing a gravitational field.
- DM Index of Refraction: The paper explains how the observed index of refraction of DM cannot be explained by current theories due to the absence of electrons within DM.
- Photons: This section discusses the energy carried by photons, proposing that photon energy should be calculated by the sum of oscillation energy and kinetic energy. The paper also explores the creation of photons by abrupt changes in electron momentum.
- Gamma Ray Sources: The paper theorizes that gamma rays are produced through DM "droplet" collisions, where DM gas phase changes into spherical droplets.
- DM Phase Change: This section further explains the theory of DM phase change from a gas state into spherical droplets, resembling solids or liquids.
- Photon Discussion: The paper introduces a new photon concept based on photon holograms and images, discussing the potential role of DM in the structure of photons.
- Particle Formation: This section explores the process of particle formation, proposing that DM spheres capture gamma rays, resulting in the creation of electrons, positrons, neutrons, and protons.
- Wave Structure Theory: The paper discusses the theoretical requirements for DM spheres to support internal standing waves, which are necessary for the creation of particles with electromagnetic forces.
- Wave Structure Model: This section provides a detailed explanation of the wave structure model, highlighting the role of the lens effect in reversing the electric field direction during reflections inside the DM sphere.
- Required DM Optical Density: The paper discusses the necessary optical density of DM to enable the phase change and particle formation processes described in the theory.
- Possible Particles: This section delves into specific particle formations, considering different DM sphere sizes and their potential interactions with photons.
Keywords
The main keywords and focus topics of this paper include: Dark Matter (DM), energy, Big Bang, Standard Model, galaxy formation, fundamental particles, photon holograms, gamma ray sources, index of refraction, phase change, wave structure, electron, positron, neutron, proton, charge, symmetry, virtual particles.
- Quote paper
- Daniel Stark (Author), 2022, Alternate Theory for the Big Bang and Standard Model. How are Galaxies created?, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1306358
