In this paper, alternate theories for the Big Bang and Standard Model are proposed, which theorize how galaxies are created. The galaxy formation model explains how and where the fundamental particles are created. The greater universe is theorized as consisting exclusively of Dark Matter (DM) and Energy. DM has mass and is the source of the gravitational field. DM hosts kinetic and potential energy. A stable greater universe is the end result of entropy, wherein DM and energy are uniformly distributed.
Fluctuations in these evenly spaced DM particles allow gravitational attraction to concentrate DM, creating galactic size DM strings. The masses of DM violate entropy by concentrating kinetic and potential energy. In these DM concentrations, collisions between large DM concentrations form a spinning DM galaxy. Inside these spinning turbulent DM galaxies, DM is theorized to undergo phase change into particle size droplets. DM droplet sphere collisions are theorized to create gamma rays by converting kinetic energy into gamma ray photons (probably via 3rd or 4th derivative of DM sphere velocity).
DM spheres are predicted to capture gamma rays via Total Internal Reflection (TIR) creating a DM sphere with EM fields. Thus creating electrons, positrons, neutrons and protons. TIR is possible when the index of refraction between inside the DM sphere and outside satisfy: (n1/n2)(sin q1)>1 where n2 = 1 which is outside of the DM sphere, n1 is the DM’s index of refraction and q1 is the angle from vertical to the DM’s surface. These gamma rays may be generated inside of the DM sphere during the collisions or be captured because of the DM sphere’s expected high index of refraction.
To create a particle with EM forces, the particle must support internal standing waves, which requires the DM sphere dimension to satisfy gamma ½ wavelength dimensions. The simplest being a half wavelength diameter sphere, which probably results in an electron or positron when capturing a gamma ray. The TIR photon provides a total positive on negative external E field because the trailing photon’s E field is reversed by the lens effect during reflections inside the DM sphere, yielding an E field in the same direction as the first half of the photon's E field direction.
Table of Contents
1.1. Introduction
1.2. DM and Energy Theory
1.3. DM Index of Refraction
1.4. Photons
1.4.1. Gamma Ray Sources
1.5. DM Phase Change
1.6. Photon Discussion
1.6.1. Photon Hologram & Image
1.6.2. New Photon Concept
1.6.3. Photon Momentum
1.6.4. Does a Photon Contain DM?
1.7. Particle Formation
1.8. Wave Structure Theory
1.9. Wave Structure Model
1.10. Required DM Optical Density
1.10.1. Mini BH Ruled Out
1.10.2. DM Phase Change Candidate
1.10.3. Origin of Charge
1.10.4. Lens Effect Reverses E Field Direction
1.10.5. Electron Positron Discussion
1.11. Possible Particles
1.11.1. Half λ Diameter DM Combinations
1.11.2. One λ Diameter DM Sphere
1.11.3. DM Sphere Supporting Several Half Wavelength Internal Reflections
1.11.4. Figure 8 Detailed Description
1.11.5. Neutron Decaying to a Proton
1.11.6. Antiproton
Research Objectives and Themes
This work proposes an alternative theory to the Big Bang and Standard Model by theorizing that galaxies create fundamental particles from Dark Matter (DM) and energy, effectively replacing the concept of virtual particles with a physical model based on phase changes and trapped photon standing waves.
- The role of Dark Matter (DM) and Energy as fundamental building blocks of all matter.
- The mechanism of photon-based charge creation through ingoing and outgoing electric fields.
- The proposal of a phase change model where DM creates stable particle spheres through high-density conditions.
- The reinterpretation of particle formation, including the decay of neutrons into protons and electrons.
Excerpt from the Book
1.5. DM Phase Change
All matter we currently observe can have several phases, gas, liquid or solid. It is reasonable to suspect DM is not unique; therefore, DM is theorized to have a gas, liquid or solid phase. DM is also theorized to be of particulate nature and attractive but obeying the Pauli Exclusion principle wherein two DM particles cannot occupy the same point in space. The conclusion is based on lack of singularities. If DMs could occupy the same space, they could form singularities, which are not observed.
The interior of a large DM concentrations such as in the center of galaxies, offers high density DM conditions. Inside these DM concentrations, DM is theorized to undergo a phase change from a gas to particle size liquid or solid sphere. The spheres are of various sizes analogous to water vapor forming spheres. These DM droplets are considered spherical and transparent with a high index of refraction. The density, not optical density, can be estimated by calculating the electron mass and quarter wavelength of a 10-12 meter gamma ray to determine the spherical volume yielding 13,918,113 kg/m3. This value can be compared to uranium's density of 19,050 kg/m3, which is 730 times more dense than uranium indicating a very high index of refraction since density and optical density are associated.
Summary of Chapters
1.1. Introduction: This chapter introduces the author’s alternative view on energy, Dark Matter, and a new concept of photons that supports the creation of electrical charges.
1.2. DM and Energy Theory: Explains that energy exists only in association with DM, which serves as the source of gravity and hosts kinetic and potential energy.
1.3. DM Index of Refraction: Discusses observed DM refraction and why current theories cannot explain this phenomenon without electrons.
1.4. Photons: Details the energy calculation for photons and their association with abrupt changes in electron momentum.
1.5. DM Phase Change: Describes the theoretical transformation of DM from gas to particle-sized liquid or solid spheres under high-density conditions.
1.6. Photon Discussion: Challenges the traditional sine wave photon concept, proposing instead an oscillator with extended electric field dimensions.
1.7. Particle Formation: Serves as an introduction to the theoretical model for how particles are constructed.
1.8. Wave Structure Theory: Provides a historical, scientific context by referencing the Wave Structure of Matter (WSM) and Einstein’s views on spatially extended matter.
1.9. Wave Structure Model: Confirms the adoption of the WSM model to explain how DM and energy construct all matter.
1.10. Required DM Optical Density: Investigates the structural requirements for DM spheres, ruling out mini black holes while validating potential phase-change candidates.
1.11. Possible Particles: Explores various particle configurations based on photon interactions within DM spheres, including the processes of decay and the formation of antiparticles.
Keywords
Dark Matter, DM, Energy, Photon, Wave Structure of Matter, WSM, Particle Physics, Phase Change, Gamma Ray, Total Internal Reflection, Standing Wave, Electric Field, Charge, Neutron Decay, Standard Model
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core premise of this work?
The work posits that the Big Bang never occurred and that galaxies are responsible for the continuous internal creation of fundamental particles through the interaction of Dark Matter and energy.
What are the primary fields of study involved?
The study centers on theoretical physics, specifically challenging conventional models of particle structure, wave mechanics, and the role of Dark Matter in the universe.
What is the primary goal of this research?
The central aim is to provide a viable physical model for particle creation that explains charge and particle symmetry, replacing the existing, often abstract, concepts of virtual particles and point-particles.
What scientific methodology is utilized?
The author utilizes a deductive theoretical framework, incorporating Wave Structure of Matter (WSM) principles, mathematical derivations of DM density, and the analogy of phase changes to describe high-density matter behavior.
What key concepts are addressed in the main body?
The main body focuses on the photon as a complex oscillator, the process of Total Internal Reflection in DM spheres, and how these mechanisms create electrons, positrons, and protons.
Which keywords best describe this research?
The work is characterized by terms such as Dark Matter, Photon, Wave Structure, Standing Waves, and particle dynamics.
Why does the author argue that mini black holes are not candidates for DM particles?
The author calculates that the required radius for such a mass is too small, failing to align with the observed wavelengths (10-11 to 10-12 meters) measured during electron-positron annihilation.
How does the author explain the origin of electrical charge?
Based on the thesis of Dr. Milo Wolff, charge is attributed to ingoing or outgoing electric field vectors, where the direction of the field during photon capture determines whether the resulting particle is an electron or a positron.
- Citar trabajo
- Daniel Stark (Autor), 2022, Alternate Theory for the Big Bang and Standard Model. How are Galaxies created?, Múnich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1306358
