This study was carried out on the evaluation of cadmium in chicken meat and offal in Bodija, Sango and Ojoo markets in Ibadan between July and October, 2015. The appraisal was aimed at assessing the cadmium that can be accumulated in the kidney, liver, intestine, blood, muscle and the feathers. Ten mature chickens were bought and dissected to remove the chicken meat and offal samples. This samples were oven-dried separately and pulverised into powdered form through grinding with a mortar and pestle. These were acid-digested for cadmium analyses using Buck Scientific 210 VGP Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results showed varying mean concentrations in the intestine (0.713±0.024 ppm), feather (0.702±0.035 ppm) and muscle (0.592±0.019 ppm) with low mean concentrations in the blood (0.426±0.032 ppm), liver (0.432±0.021 ppm) and kidney (0.352±0.027 ppm). Most of the chicken meat and offal samples were above the WHO guideline limit of 0.05 ppm. The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) from the study was below 1 which is indicative that the general populace in this study area is not at risk. It is therefore recommended that regular biomonitoring should be carried out on chicken meat and offal locally and globally for the purpose of food safety.
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 TOXIC METALS
1.2 CADMIUM
1.3 END USES OF CADMIUM
1.4 AIM
1.5 OBJECTIVES
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 CADMIUM: PROPERTIES AND SOURCES
2.2 CADMIUM AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANT
2.2.1 NATURAL CADMIUM EMISSIONS
2.2.2 ANTHROPOGENIC CADMIUM EMISSIONS
2.2.3 FACTORS IN ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS ANALYSES
2.3 CADMIUM IN THE HUMAN BODY
2.4 GUIDELINES FOR CADMIUM
2.4.1 AMBIENT STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
2.4.2 PERMISSIBLE LIMITS OF CADMIUM
2.5 CADMIUM UPTAKE: UPTAKE THROUGH FOOD
2.6 TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF CADMIUM
2.7 CADMIUM EXCRETION
2.8 CADMIUM TOXICITY IN HUMANS
2.8.1 TOXICITY AT ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
2.8.2 KIDNEY AND BONE
2.8.3 LUNG
2.8.4 PERIODONTAL TISSUES
2.8.5 MAMMARY GLAND
2.8.6 BLOOD VESSELS AND THE HEART
2.8.7 GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
2.8.8 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
2.8.9 IMMUNE SYSTEM
2.9 MECHANISM OF CADMIUM TOXICITY
2.9.1 INTERFERENCE WITH ESSENTIAL METALS
2.9.2 DISRUPTION OF SIGNALING AND BIOMOLECULES
2.9.3 CHANGES IN METHYLATION
2.10 CADMIUM AND CARCINOGENESIS
2.10.1 ABERRANT GENE EXPRESSION
2.11 CADMIUM AND APOPTOSIS
2.12 CADMIUM AND OXIDATIVE STRESS
2.13. PREVIOUS WORKS ON HEAVY METALS IN CHICKEN MEAT AND OFFAL IN NIGERIA.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 STUDY SITE
3.2 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND PROCESSING
3.3 SAMPLE ANALYSES
3.4 DATA ANALYSES
3.5 HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT
4. RESULTS
4.1 CADMIUM LEVEL IN THE CHICKEN MEAT AND OFFALS IN IBADAN
4.2 VARIATIONS IN THE CADMIUM LEVELS IN CHICKEN AT THE SAMPLING SITES
4.3 HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT
5. DISCUSSION
5.1 CADMIUM LEVEL IN THE CHICKEN MEAT AND OFFALS IN IBADAN
5.2 VARIATIONS IN THE CADMIUM LEVELS IN CHICKEN AT THE SAMPLING SITES
5.3. HEALTH RISK ASSOCIATED WITH CADMIUM LEVELS IN THE CHICKEN MEAT AND OFFAL IN IBADAN
5.4. RECOMMENDATION
Research Goal and Thematic Focus
This study aims to evaluate the bioavailability and concentration levels of cadmium in tissues and organs (kidney, liver, intestine, blood, muscle, and feathers) of domestic chickens from diverse markets in Ibadan, Nigeria, and to assess the potential health risks for human consumers based on international safety guidelines.
- Cadmium contamination in local food chains and human health risks.
- Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in poultry organs and tissues.
- Comparison of cadmium levels with World Health Organization (WHO) and FAO standards.
- Methodologies for monitoring heavy metal residues in agricultural meat products.
- Evaluation of potential health hazards using the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ).
Excerpt from the Book
2.6 TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF CADMIUM
With a single exposure to the organism, cadmium accumulates primarily in the liver. Low molecular weight protein called Metallothionenins (MT) in the liver form complex with Cadmium (CdMT complexes). Released from the liver into the blood CdMT complexes end up in various tissues and organs of the human body. Prolonged exposure to low doses of cadmium results in their increased accumulation in the kidneys, especially in the cortical part (Curtis et al, 1999; Gonick, 2008).
Distribution of cadmium in the body depends on the chemical form of this element. Increased accumulation of Cd2+ ions in the liver, kidneys or bones occurs after exposure to cadmium in the form of inorganic salts (e.g. CdCl2) than the cadmium present in conjunction with metallothionein (CdMT). CdCl2 accumulates mainly in the liver, whereas CdMT accumulates in the kidney. The organs that store Cadmium include the liver, kidney, testis, spleen, heart, lungs, thymus, salivary glands, epididymis, and prostate; however, approximately 50% of the Cadmium found in the body is stored in liver and kidney due to their high MT concentration (Waalkes et al, 1985; WHO guideline and Mohammad, 2010).
Cadmium can also accumulate in the pancreas, lungs, central nervous system and testes in men. Cadmium particles are transported along primary olfactory neurons to their terminations in the olfactory bulb. Some other metals, such as manganese, do migrate further into the brain, unlike cadmium which accumulates in the olfactory bulb (Sunderman, 2001). Another site of cadmium accumulation after inhalation is lungs, as observed with smokers for instance. Although the lung epithelium is an efficient barrier for toxic molecules and heavy metals, cadmium can pass through alveolar cells and get into the blood (Bressler et al, 2004).
Summary of Chapters
INTRODUCTION: Provides an overview of toxic heavy metals, specifically focusing on the environmental impact, toxicity levels, and industrial applications of cadmium.
LITERATURE REVIEW: Examines existing scientific knowledge on cadmium properties, sources, chemical behavior in human/animal bodies, transport mechanisms, and its carcinogenic or mutagenic potential.
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY: Describes the study site selection in Ibadan, the process of sample collection/dissection, laboratory analytical techniques, and the mathematical approach for calculating health risk.
RESULTS: Presents the statistical findings of cadmium concentration measurements across different organs and tissues, categorized by the markets from which the samples were sourced.
DISCUSSION: Interprets the laboratory results in the context of physiological accumulation and safety standards, comparing current findings with previous studies conducted in Nigeria and internationally.
Keywords
Cadmium, Chicken meat, Offal, Ibadan, Heavy metals, Bioaccumulation, Toxicity, Food chain, Public health, Target Hazard Quotient, Environmental pollution, WHO, Poultry, Toxicology, Kidney damage.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary scope of this research?
This work evaluates the concentration of cadmium in the meat and offal of domestic chickens sourced from three major markets in Ibadan to determine the potential risks to the local human population.
Which organs and tissues were specifically analyzed?
The study analyzed kidney, liver, intestine, blood, muscle samples, and feathers from ten mature chickens.
What is the main objective regarding safety guidelines?
The primary objective is to determine if cadmium concentrations in these poultry products exceed the maximum limits defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO).
Which scientific method was used for analysis?
The study employed acid-digestion of oven-dried samples followed by analysis using a Buck Scientific 210 VGP Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.
How is the health risk assessed?
Health risk is calculated using the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) equation, which uses factors like exposure frequency, duration, body weight, and ingestion rate.
What are the characterizing keywords of this study?
Key terms include Cadmium, Bioaccumulation, Poultry toxicity, Ibadan, Heavy metals, and Public health risk assessment.
Did the study find significant public health risks?
While the overall THQ was below 1, indicating no immediate short-term risk, most samples exceeded guideline limits, suggesting that long-term consumption could lead to bioaccumulation.
What is the author's final recommendation?
The author recommends global initiatives to minimize cadmium emissions, stricter regulations on electronic waste disposal, and the inclusion of dietary chelating agents (such as Vitamin C-rich foods) to promote the excretion of accumulated cadmium.
- Citar trabajo
- Emmanuel Tyokumbur (Autor), 2015, Assessment of Cadmium in Chicken Meat and Offal. Food Safety and Food Poisoning, Múnich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1363523
