This study deals with the development of Hamas' jihad concept and the justification by Muslim clerics of Hamas' suicide-martyrdom doctrine. After discussing the political context, the Islamic legal argument is analyzed in detail. The findings give policy makers, journalists, academics and also non-experts insight into the thinking and ideology of Islamists in a conflict state.
The implications of the findings are much wider than the national Palestinian context. For example, in the global confrontation between the West and militant Islam, a change of strategy from military to political methods would be timely. This study developed during more than two years of in-depth research and is based mainly on Arabic sources.
Table of Contents
Introduction
A Forms and Functions of Jihad
A.1 Modern Fundamentalist Writings on Jihad
A.2 Varieties of Jihad and Martyrdom and their Legal Interpretation
B The Development of the Suicide-Martyrdom Doctrine of Hamas
C The Crystallization of the Suicide-Martyrdom Doctrine of Hamas
D The 1996 Bombing Wave and its Debate
E The Initial Theological Justification for Hamas’ Suicide Bombings (1995)
E.1 The general framework
E.2 Doctrinal Aspects: The Constantinople-ḥadīṯ and the “tahluka” Concept
E.3 Operational Aspects: The Single Attack and the “tahluka” Concept
F The 1996 debate by supportive clerics (1996)
F.1 The Main Similarities – The Legalistic Argument
F.2 The Main Differences - The Definition of the Jews and Territorial concepts
Conclusion
Research Objectives and Themes
This work explores the legal and theological construction of the suicide-martyrdom doctrine adopted by Hamas during the mid-1990s. The research objective is to decode how radical Muslim clerics utilized classical Islamic jurisprudential concepts, specifically the term "tahluka" (destruction), to transform the military strategy of suicide bombings into a legitimate religious duty within their ideological framework.
- Evolution of jihad and martyrdom concepts within Hamas
- Role of radical clerics in creating a legalistic justification for suicide operations
- Use of classical "single-attack" (inghimas) precedents in modern terrorism
- The divergence between moderate Islamic condemnation and radical theological support
- Territorial-religious dimensions concerning Jerusalem and the definition of the enemy
Excerpt from the Book
E.3 Operational Aspects: The single attack and the tahluka-concept
In addition, al-Ali treats the operational aspects of suicide-operations. He discusses single attacks (ingimās; iqtiḥām) in relation to “self-destruction”, and on the basis of classical jurisprudence. His quotations of the jurisprudents Šaybānī and Qurṭubī deserve special attention. The former holds that there is a positive kind of self-destruction (talaf al-nafs), while the latter sees tahluka in a negative sense:
•Šaybānī said: If one man alone launched an attack against thousand men from the idolaters and he was alone, there wouldn’t be a virtue in this, if he strives for save rescue, or the destruction (nikāya) of the enemy. Therefore, he has no option and he is reprehensible, if he turns himself to the destruction without a benefit (manfaʿa) for the Muslims. If his intention is to encourage the Muslims to do it like him, the permissibility will be likely, because it is a benefit for the Muslims from some points of view (fīh nafʿan…ʿalā baʿḍ al-wujūh). And if his intention is the frightening (irhāb) of the enemy in order to teach him about the firmness (ṣalāba) of the Muslims in the religion, then the permissibility is likely.
Summary of Chapters
Introduction: Provides the context of the 1995-1996 Islamic legal debate regarding Hamas' suicide bombings and introduces the research aim to decode the theological justifications provided by radical clerics.
A Forms and Functions of Jihad: Analyzes the dual nature of modern jihad literature, distinguishing between mobilizing and instructive writings, and defines key concepts like jihad and martyrdom.
B The Development of the Suicide-Martyrdom Doctrine of Hamas: Traces how Hamas integrated concepts of jihad and martyrdom into its 1988 Covenant and how political events, specifically the 1992 deportation, influenced its military strategy.
C The Crystallization of the Suicide-Martyrdom Doctrine of Hamas: Examines the radicalization process during 1993-1994, triggered by the Hebron massacre and the rise of figures like Yahya Ayash.
D The 1996 Bombing Wave and its Debate: Details the political repercussions of the 1996 suicide attacks and the subsequent regional and international condemnation, contrasted with the Islamist support emerging from Jordan.
E The Initial Theological Justification for Hamas’ Suicide Bombings (1995): Focuses on Shaykh Ibrahim al-Ali’s treatise, analyzing the specific interpretation of the Koranic term "tahluka" to justify martyrdom operations.
F The 1996 debate by supportive clerics (1996): Discusses how other fundamentalists, such as Abu Faris and Yusuf al-Qaradawi, adopted and developed al-Ali’s arguments during the intense 1996 debates.
Conclusion: Summarizes how Hamas transformed defensive jihad tactics into a suicide-martyrdom doctrine that continues to influence global jihadist ideologies today.
Key Words
Hamas, Jihad, Martyrdom, Suicide Bombings, Tahluka, Islamic Jurisprudence, Fatwa, Radical Islamism, Ibrahim al-Ali, Palestinian Struggle, Territorial Concepts, Sharia, Modernization, Theology, Military Strategy.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core subject of this publication?
The work investigates the Islamic legal and theological arguments used by radical clerics to justify Hamas' suicide bombings in Israel during the mid-1990s.
What are the primary themes discussed?
Key themes include the evolution of the concept of jihad, the reinterpretation of Koranic terms to support terrorism, the internal debate within Islamic jurisprudence, and the influence of political events on theological doctrine.
What is the ultimate research objective?
The aim is to decode the legalistic construction of the suicide-martyrdom doctrine and understand the ideology that allows these groups to sanction self-destruction as a legitimate religious act.
Which scientific methodology is employed?
The research relies on a textual analysis (Ideengeschichte) of primary sources, specifically the London-based magazine "Filastin al-Muslima" and various fatwas published between 1988 and 1996.
What does the main body cover?
It covers the historical development of Hamas' doctrine, the specific theological arguments regarding the term "tahluka", the Constantinople-hadith as a precedent, and the response from moderate and radical Islamic scholars.
Which keywords characterize this work?
The work is characterized by terms such as Hamas, martyrdom operations, jihad, legal justification, radical Islam, and territorial religious concepts.
How does the author interpret the term "tahluka"?
The author explains that radical fundamentalists reinterpret "tahluka" (traditionally meaning forbidden self-destruction) as the "omission of jihad," thereby claiming that martyrdom operations are not suicides but active, permitted jihad.
How does the concept of the "single attack" serve the doctrine?
The doctrine draws analogies between classical "single-fighter" attacks against overwhelming enemy forces and modern suicide bombings, arguing that both are forms of self-sacrifice for the benefit of the Muslim community.
- Citation du texte
- M.A. Philipp Holtmann (Auteur), 2009, Martyrdom, not Suicide: The Legality of Hamas' Bombings in the mid-1990s in Modern Islamic Jurisprudence, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/140139
