The study examined the properties of various plant extracts. Dracaena cinnabari of which that exhibited the highest ethanol extractive value, low moisture content, and contained specific phytochemical classes. Valachia nilotica subsp. indica, Capparis cartilaginea, and Fagonia paulayana displayed variations in their phytochemical profiles. Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier- Transform Infrared Spectroscoy (FTIR) analysis aided in identifying the bioactive compounds present in these medicinal plants, suggesting their potential for therapeutic applications. The findings provide valuable insights into the properties and potential uses of these plant extracts (Ethanol70% and Aqueous).
Dracenia cinnabari, Capparis cartilaginea, Vachellia nilotica subspecies indica, and Fagonia paulayana are medicinal plants used in traditional Yemen medicine for the treatment a variety of infectious and non-infectious diseases. These plants were selected to evaluate their potential antibacterial, antifungal and Trichomoniasis- anti activity. The plant samples (Aden, Lahaj, and Abyan governorates. Dracaena cinnabari. specimens were collected from different locations on the island of Socotra
during the winter of 2019) used in this study were processed at the biology laboratory of the Faculty of Education in Aden. Microbiological procedures, including the isolation and identification of bacteria, fungi, and Trichomonas vaginalis, were conducted at the laboratories of the Supreme Board of Drugs and Medical Appliances. The research took place from January 2020 to August 2023, focusing on the city of Aden in Yemen. The study encompassed various healthcare facilities, both public and private, including the German Aden Hospital, Al-Sadqah Hospital, Al-Madinah Medical Center, Al-Hanan Medical Center, and Aden German International Hospital. The choice of Aden was based on its environmental conditions, such as high temperatures, humidity, and inadequate hygiene prastic, which contribute to the increased prevalence of bacterial and fungal infections.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1. 1. The general objective of study.
1.2. Our study aimed to achieve the following objectives.
2. Literature Review
2.1. Background of the plants:
2.1.1. Medicinal Plants of the World:
2.1.2. Medicinal Plants in Yemen:
2.2. The studied plants:
2.2.1. Family: Dracaenaceae.
2.2.1.1. Description of the family Dracaenaceae.
2.2.1.2. Description of the species Dracaena cinnabari.
2.2.1.3. Scientific Classification Dracaena cinnabari:
2.2.1.4.Folk Medicine and Heritage Resources of Dracaena cinnabari:
2.2.2. Family Fabaceae:
2.2.2.1. Description of the family Fabaceae
2.2.2.2 Leguminosae Juss. Subfam. Mimosideae:
2.2.2.3. Vachellia nilotica Babool (Acacia nilotica)::
2.2.2.4. Scientific Clasificación Vachellia nilotica
2.2.2.5. Description of the Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica (Benth.) Kyal. & Boatwr
2.2.2.6. Folk Medicine and Heritage Resources of Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica (Benth.) Kyal. & Boatwr
2.2.3. Family Capparisaceae:
2.2.3.1. Description of the family Capparaceae
2.2.3.2. Description of the species Capparis cartilaginea Decne
2.2.3.3. Scientific Classification of the species Capparis cartilaginea Decne .
2.2.3.4. Folk Medicine and Heritage Resources Capparis cartilaginea Decne.
2.2.4. Zygophyllaceous (Creosote- bush, or Caltrops Family):
2.2.4.1. Description of family Zygophyllaceous
2.2.4.2. Description of Fagonia paulayana Wagner & Vierh. Mga synonym.
2.2.4.3. Scientific Classification of Fagonia paulayana
2.2.4.4. Folk medicine and heritage resources of Fagonia paulayana
2.3. Chemical analysis of plant extract’s:
2.3.1. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS):
2.3.2. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR):
2.4. Vaginal Microorganisms.
2.4.1. Microbial vagina background:
2.4.2. Microbial human vaginal isolates
2.4.3. Healthy Vaginal:
2.4.4. Vaginal microbial Flora (Microbiota):
2.4.5. Interaction with the Vaginal Flora
2.4.6. Bacterial Vaginosis (BV):
2.4.7. Vulvovaginal candidiasis:
2.4.8. Trichomoniasis:
2.5. Antimicrobial Resistances of vagina microbial:
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Material used in our Study:
3. 2. Others materials:
3. 3. Sample Preparation:
3. 4. Study area:
3. 5. Plants used in the study:
3.5.1. Plant material sample:
3.5.2. Extraction Procedure:
3.5.3. Alcoholic Extraction:
3.5.4. Aqueous Extraction:
3.5.5. Physicochemical analysis:
3.5.5.1. Determination of Extractive value:
3.5.5.2. Loss on Drying:
3.5.5.3. Total Ash:
3.5.5.4. Determination of pH:
3.5.5.5. Phytochemical screening:
3.5.5.6. Detection of Alkalis:
3.5.5.7. Detection of Saponins:
3.5.5.8. Detection of Terpenes and Steroids:
3.5.5.9. Detection of Glycosides:
3.5.5.10. Detection of Phenols:
3.5.5.11. Detection of Flavonoids (Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide):
3.5.5.12. Detection of Flavonoids and Flavanols:
3.5.5.13. Detection of Tannins (Lead Acetate):
3.5.5.14 Detection of Resins:
3.5.5.15. Detection of Pheochromatins:
3.5.5.16. Detection of Triterpenoids:
3.5.5.17. Detection of Primary and Secondary Amino Acids or Amines:
3.5.5.18. Detection of Carbohydrates (Molisch's Detector):
3.6. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Facility (SAIF) Central Instrumentation Laboratory (CIL) Panjab University, Chandigarh.
3.6.1. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FT-IR) Analysis:
3.6.2. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis of Bioactive Compounds:
3.7. Microbiology:
3.7.1. Ethical considerations:
3.7.2. Sample collection:
3.7.3. Exclusion criteria
3.7.4. Clinical diagnosis of microbial isolates of vagina:
3.7.4.1. Testing the ph.
3.7.4.2. Saline microscopy.
3.7.4.3. The Whiff test:
3.7.4.4. Gram staining
3.7.4.5. Nugent score:
3.7.5. Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis:
3.7.5.1.Preparation of Media
3.7.5.2.Identification of vagina isolated bacteria by biochemical tests:
3.7.5.2.1. Capsule staining
3.7.5.2.2. Catalase test
3.7.5.2.3. Coagulase test
3.7.5.2.4. Oxidase test
3.7.5.2.5. Urease test
3.7.5.2.6. DNase Test Agar w/ Methyl Green:) It is a microbiological test).
3.3.5.2.7. Indole test
3.7.5.2.8Citrate utilization.
3.7.5.2.9. Triple sugar iron agar
3.7.5.2.10. Motility Indole Urease Agar (UIM).
3.7.5.2.11. Vogel-Johnson Agar Medium:
3.7.5.3. Preservation of isolates:
3.7.6. Bacterial agar for Antibacterial susceptibility test:
3.7.6.1. Preparation of Nutrient Agar:
3.7.6.2. Preparation of Mueller Hinton Agar for Plants Assay.
3.7.6.3. Preparation of bacterial Inoculum:
3.7.6.4. Antibacterial Assay of the plant's extracts:
3.7.6.5. Antibacterial Susceptibility Testing Methodology:
3.7.7. Diagnosis of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis:
3.7.7.1. Microscopic examination:
3.7.7.1.1. Lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB)
3.7.7.1.2. Potassium Hydroxide dye:
3.7.7.1.3. Methylene blue stains.
3.7.7.2. Isolates and identification of Fungl:
3.7.7.3. Culture media Used for identification of Fungi.
3.7.7.3.1. HiCrome Candida Differential Agar M1297A:
3.7.7.3.2. Malt Extract Agar M137:
3.7.7.3.3. Yeast Extract Powder, Type I RM668
3.7.7.3.4. Mueller Hinton Agar, 2% Glucose with Methylene blue M1825
3.7.7.3.5. Candida Agar M1602:
3.7.7.3.6. Sabouraud Dextrose Agar M063:
3.7.7.4. Germ tube test of isolated Candida sp.,
3.7.7.5. Sugar fermentation test of isolated Candida sp
3.7.7.6. Phenotypic identification of Candida sp
3.7.7.7. Suspension preparing of Candida sp
3.7.7.8. Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Methods
3.7.7.9. Antifungal Susceptibility Testing (Kirby- Baure) diffusion Method
3.7.8. Diagnosis of Trichomoniasis:
3.7.8.1. Medium for parasite cultivation (according to Diamond, 1957):
3.7.8.2. Antitrichomonal Assay of the plantis extracts:
3.7.8.3. Solutions used for diagnosis of Trichomonas vagginalis:
3.7.9. Statistical analysis:
4. Results
4.1. Plants Results:
4.1.1. The extractive values of studied plants:
4.1.2. The results of physiochemical analysis:
4.1.3. Detection of phytochemicals:
4.2. Phytochemicals identified
4.2.1.Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), of Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica.
4.2.2. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), of Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica.
4.2.3. Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), of Dracaena cinnabari:
4.2.4. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), of Dracaena Cinnabari
4.2.5. Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), of Fagonia paulayana:
4.2.6. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), of Fagonia Paulayana
4.2.7.Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS), of Capparis cartilaginea
4.2.8. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), of Capparis Cartilaginea
4.3. Results of Microbial Vaginitis:
4.3.1. Bacterial vaginitis:
4.3.2. Fungal Vaginitis:
4.3.3. Results of Trichomoniasis:
5. Discussion
6. Conclusion
7. Recommendation
8. References
9. Appendix
Objectives & Themes
This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-parasitic efficacy of four medicinal plants — Dracaena cinnabari, Capparis cartilaginea, Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica, and Fagonia paulayana — against common vaginal pathogens, specifically bacteria (including Gardnerella vaginalis), fungi (Candida species), and Trichomonas vaginalis, while characterizing their phytochemical properties through GC-MS and FTIR analysis.
- Phytochemical profiling of selected Yemeni medicinal plants using advanced analytical techniques.
- Assessment of antibacterial activity against vaginal bacterial isolates and their antibiotic resistance patterns.
- Evaluation of antifungal susceptibility and the effects of plant extracts on various Candida species.
- Investigation of anti-parasitic potential and effects on Trichomonas vaginalis growth.
- Statistical analysis of the dose-response relationship between plant extract concentrations and inhibition zones.
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2.2.1.4. Folk Medicine and Heritage Resources of Dracaena cinnabari:
The fresh resin lumps, known as "emzoloh," are commonly used for medicinal purposes. They are used to treat various conditions, including gum and tooth erosion, wound healing, tender ulcers, gastric colic, and for strengthening the stomach (Fartwt, 2016).
To use emzoloh medicinally, a piece is crushed into a powder, and a small amount of water is added. This mixture is then applied to swellings, areas of inflammation, sores, rashes, spots, boils, and even acne to relieve itching. In cases of multiple sores, often seen in children with insect or flea bites that have become septic due to scratching, the scabs are removed, and the skin is washed with a salt and water solution before applying the emzoloh powder.
For sores on the head, especially in children who have scratched their heads due to lice, the hair is either cut or shaved off. Then, the scalp is washed with a salt and water solution, followed by the application of a paste made from crushed emzoloh and water. In cases of compound fractures where a broken bone has pierced through the skin, finely ground dry emzoloh is packed into the wound before further treatment.
Summary of Chapters
I. Introduction: Provides an overview regarding the therapeutic potential and traditional use of herbs and medicinal plants, specifically in Yemen, while defining the public health significance of vaginal infections.
II. Literature Review: Details background information on standard medicinal plants, botanical descriptions, folklore heritage, chemical analysis methods, and current clinical knowledge regarding vaginal microorganisms.
Chapter III. Materials and Methods: Describes the equipment used, detailed procedures for sample collection, extraction of plant materials, and standard microbiological protocols for diagnosis and susceptibility testing.
Chapter IV. Results: Presents the primary data regarding plant extractive values, identification of phytochemicals via GC-MS/FTIR, and experimental results for antimicrobial and anti-parasitic efficacy.
Chapter V. Discussion: Evaluates the experimental findings, offering scientific interpretations of the antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-parasitic potential of the tested extracts in the context of existing literature.
6. Conclusion: Summarizes the key insights gathered from the study, affirming the antimicrobial potential of the plants and suggesting avenues for further pharmacological investigation.
7. Recommendation: Offers concrete suggestions for clinical standardization, further extraction optimization, and continued epidemiological monitoring to improve diagnostic and treatment strategies.
Keywords
Yemeni medicinal plants, Dracaena cinnabari, Vachellia nilotica, Capparis cartilaginea, Fagonia paulayana, bacterial vaginosis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, antimicrobial resistance, phytochemical analysis, GC-MS, FTIR, vaginal microbiota, botanical diversity, ethnopharmacology.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core focus of this scientific research?
This research focuses on investigating the potential of four endemic Yemeni medicinal plants as natural therapeutic agents to combat common vaginal infections caused by bacteria, fungi, and parasites.
Which plants are being examined as potential natural therapies?
The plants under investigation are Dracaena cinnabari, Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica, Capparis cartilaginea, and Fagonia paulayana.
What is the primary scientific aim of the study?
The overarching objective is to conduct a biological evaluation of these plants, isolate their active chemical constituents, and ascertain their efficacy in inhibiting the growth of vaginal pathogens.
Which analytical methods are employed in the study?
The researchers utilize sophisticated analytical tools, specifically Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), to identify the bioactive phytochemicals present in the plant extracts.
What aspects of vaginal health are covered in the main body of the work?
The study provides an in-depth review of the human vaginal microbiome, covering common gynecological conditions like bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, and trichomoniasis, while detailing diagnostic criteria and current antimicrobial treatments.
Which keywords help define the scope of this work?
Key terms include Vaginal infections, Phytochemical analysis, Yemeni herbal medicine, Antimicrobial susceptibility, and the specific names of the four study plants.
How were the antifungal and antibacterial assays conducted?
The antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated using the well diffusion and disk diffusion methods (following CLSI guidelines) on Mueller-Hinton and specific agar media to measure zones of inhibition.
What specifically does the study conclude about Vachellia nilotica?
The findings highlight that Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica exhibits significant broad-spectrum inhibitory effects against Group B Streptococcus and Escherichia coli, making it a promising candidate for further pharmaceutical development.
- Arbeit zitieren
- Dr. Nohad Fartwt (Autor:in), 2024, Assessing the Efficacy of Dracaena cinnabari and other Yemeni Plants Against Vaginal Bacterial, Fungal, and Parasitic Isolates, Aden-Yemen, München, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1553532
