The paratransit sector in developing urban centers, such as the tricycle industry in Tuguegarao City, often suffers from fare inconsistencies and a lack of operational transparency due to reliance on manual negotiations. This study addressed these challenges by developing and validating the Trike-O-Meter (TOM), an IoT-based system for real-time monitoring and dynamic fare estimation. Utilizing an applied developmental research design, the study integrated a Geofencing 2.0 paradigm and the Haversine formula to automate fare triggers based on localized regulatory boundaries. Empirical results from field
testing demonstrated high technical precision, with a mean route deviation error (RDE) of 4.59 m and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.60 Philippine pesos in fare computation, successfully meeting all pre-defined accuracy thresholds. Furthermore, the system achieved an "Excellent" System Usability Scale (SUS) score of 84.5 and a 96.2% Task Completion Rate, indicating strong social acceptability among both drivers and passengers. Theoretically, this research contributes to the literature on Location-Based Services (LBS) by establishing a robust "predictive containment" model to mitigate GPS drift in high-density areas.
Practically, the TOM system provides a scalable blueprint for Local Government Units (LGUs) to professionalize informal transport sectors, ensuring economic fairness and standardizing urban mobility governance.
- Citation du texte
- Canelin Raquel (Auteur), 2026, Trike-O-Meter (TOM): Real-Time Monitoring and Dynamic Fare Estimation for Tricycle with Post-Trip Tracking Mechanism, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/1764112
