This paper deals with the compounding words in Urdu language. Formation of Compound word is an important aspect of morphological operation to produce new words in languages with a linear morphological structure. It is extensively used as one of the ways to generate new words and word forms in Urdu language. Urdu language has borrowed a large number of compounds from a variety of sources from other Indian languages, Perso-Arabic and English. The present paper attempts to discuss Indic sources and Perso-Arabic compounds, English compounds, some ‘hybrid’ compounds, etc. These compounds are frequently used in Urdu language. The present paper explores and describes the various compounding phenomena in Urdu and their implication.
Table of Contents
1. Pure Urdu compounds can be classified into three types.
1.1 A) Copulative compounds
1.1.1 I) When two words having different meaning separately are compounded.
1.1.2 II) When two words having same or equivalent meanings are compounded.
1.1.3 III) These compounds are formed when one of the two components is meaningless.
1.1.4 IV) These compounds are formed when the place of copulative conjunction is supplied by a vowel /a/
1.2 B) Determinative Compounds
1.2.1 I) Dependent determinative compounds
1.2.2 II) Appositional Determinative Compounds
1.2.3 III) Numeral Determinative Compound:
1.3 C) Attributive Compounds
2. Perso-Arabic compounds
2.1 A) Perso-Arabic copulative Compounds
2.2 B) Perso-Arabic determinative Compounds
2.3 C) Perso-Arabic attributive compounds
2.4 D) Perso-Arabic phrasal compounds or ‘Loose compounds’
3. English compounds
Research Objectives and Themes
The primary objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive linguistic analysis of the various compounding phenomena within the Urdu language. The research explores how Urdu forms complex words by integrating elements from Indic, Perso-Arabic, and English sources, examining the structural and semantic mechanisms that drive this productive morphological process.
- Morphological operations in Urdu word formation
- Classification of Copulative, Determinative, and Attributive compounds
- The role of Perso-Arabic borrowings and 'izafat' constructions
- The integration of English loanwords and 'hybrid' compounding
- Linguistic properties such as 'vave atf' and genitive markers
Excerpt from the Book
Formation of Compounds in Words in Urdu
In Urdu, compounding is one of the various devices used to form or coin new words. It is a very productive device through which different words are constructed.
Urdu compounds may be tatsam or tadbhava. Tatsam compounds are those which contain pure Sanskrit forms. These are very rare in Urdu. For example, /akaʃ-vani/, /bharət rətn/, /viɾ-ʧəkɾ/, etc.
Tadbhava compounds are extensively used in Urdu language. It may be termed as pure Urdu compounds. Formation of these compounds both the components uses tadbhava. It means this compound words are derived from Sanskrit roots.
In Urdu language, except the above discussed varieties, a large number of compounds are borrowed from Perso-Arabic sources, mainly from Persian and Arabic.
Another kind of compound word is also found in Urdu language. It is technologically called ‘hybrid compound words’. These compounds are formed by adding a tadbhava component with Perso-Arabic and English words.
Summary of Chapters
1. Pure Urdu compounds can be classified into three types.: This chapter categorizes indigenous Urdu compounds into copulative, determinative, and attributive structures, detailing their formation through various linguistic markers.
2. Perso-Arabic compounds: This section examines the extensive influence of Persian and Arabic on Urdu, focusing on specific copulative and determinative structures used in literature and poetry.
3. English compounds: This chapter analyzes the modern integration of English terms into Urdu, highlighting the rise of hybrid compounds that combine English components with indigenous or borrowed elements.
Keywords
Urdu, Compounding, Morphology, Morphological operation, Perso-Arabic, Tatsam, Tadbhava, Hybrid compounds, Copulative, Determinative, Attributive, Izafat, Vave atf, Linguistic analysis, Word formation
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this study?
The study provides a comprehensive linguistic examination of how new words are generated in the Urdu language through the process of compounding.
Which languages have influenced compound formation in Urdu?
Urdu draws from Indic (Sanskrit roots), Perso-Arabic (Persian and Arabic), and English sources to form its complex compounds.
What is the core research objective?
The goal is to explore and describe the various phenomena of compounding in Urdu and analyze their structural implications in morphological operations.
What scientific methods are applied?
The paper utilizes a descriptive linguistic approach to classify and categorize Urdu compounds based on their components and internal syntactic structures.
What is the main subject covered in the central chapters?
The main body examines three distinct categories: pure Urdu compounds, borrowed Perso-Arabic compounds, and modern English-influenced hybrid compounds.
Which keywords define this academic work?
Key terms include Urdu, Compounding, Morphology, Perso-Arabic, Hybrid compounds, Izafat, and Vave atf.
What is the difference between 'izafat zer' and 'izafat hamza'?
'Izafat zer' is utilized when the first element of the compound ends in a consonant sound, while 'izafat hamza' is used when the first element ends in a vowel sound.
How are 'hybrid compounds' defined in this study?
Hybrid compounds are formed by combining components from different origins, such as a tadbhava component paired with an English or Perso-Arabic word.
What function do 'loose compounds' perform?
These are Perso-Arabic nominal and adjectival phrases that function like compounds and are commonly found in Urdu literature, often joined by specific conjunctions like 'vave atf'.
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- Motiur Rahman (Autor), 2012, A Comprehensive Linguistically Study of Compound Words in India, Múnich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/187841
