Before 1839, China was closed for Western trader. The only Chinese port, where highly controlled trade between Western merchants and the governmental ap-pointed merchants “Gong Hang” was allowed, was Canton (Guangzhou). Western merchants had to life in separated districts of Canton, could not stay there more than a few months and were prohibited to bring their families or to have contact with Chinese except in trade. Furthermore, Western traders could not contact Chi-nese officials directly and there were no formal diplomatic relations between Chi-na and Western countries. Why did China seal off itself from Western trade so extremely?
Table of content
1 The closed and trade adverse China before 1839
2 Unbalanced trade and the Opium Smuggle
3 Commissioner Lin and the Outbreak of War
4 The Treaty of Nanking and the aftermaths of the war
4.1 Economical impacts
4.2 Social and ideological impacts
4.1 Political impacts
5 Conclusion
References
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