Biotechnologists in recent years have come up with a new concept. This new concept is about edible vaccine. Edible vaccines are composed of antigenic proteins and do not contain pathogenic genes (because obviously they use attenuated strains). Thus, they have no way of establishing infection and safety is assured. Edible vaccines hold great promise as a cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe and socioculturally readily acceptable vaccine delivery system, especially for the poor developing countries. It involves introduction of selected desired genes into plants and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the encoded proteins. Resistance to genetically modified foods may affect the future of edible vaccines. This Review article include many aspects related to plant derived vaccine like Molecular farming, Process of development of plant derived vaccines,Mechanism of action.recent research regarding development of edible vaccines against cholera, malaria, Hepatites B, rabies etc.The review article gives a overall picture of Plant derived vaccine
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. History of plant derived vaccine
3. Molecular farming
4. Approach for Production of Edible Vaccines
4.1 Agro bacterium mediated gene transfer
4.2 Biolistic method
4.3 Electroporation
5. Mechanism of action
6. Advantages of plant derived vaccine
7. Limitations of plant derived vaccines
8. Research regarding edible vaccine
8.1 Cholera
8.2 Rabies
8.3 Hepatites B
8.4 Malaria
9. Patents regarding edible vaccine
10. Cell suspension culture based expression
11. Stable expression of vaccine antigens in plants
12. Conclusion
Objectives and Topics
The primary objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of edible vaccines, exploring their potential as a cost-effective and accessible alternative to traditional vaccination systems for developing countries. The paper examines the scientific methodologies, mechanisms of action, and the current state of research regarding plant-derived vaccines for various infectious diseases.
- Principles of molecular farming and the genetic engineering of plants for protein expression.
- Methods of gene transfer including Agrobacterium-mediated, biolistic, and electroporation techniques.
- Mechanism of mucosal immunity and the oral administration pathway.
- Advantages and existing technical or regulatory limitations of edible vaccine technology.
- Review of current research progress regarding specific diseases like cholera, rabies, and hepatitis B.
Excerpt from the Book
Molecular farming
Plant biologists had developed a plan of introducing selected genes (the blueprints for proteins) into plants and inducing the manipulated, or transgenic, plants to manufacture the encoded proteins. For making edible vaccines against the different pathogens, it is necessary to find out pathogen associated antigenic epitopes or surface antigens. The antigenic epitopes are proteins or peptides that are encoded by genomic sequences. The basic methodology includes identification, selection and isolation of desirable genes from the pathogen that encodes the surface antigen proteins. The isolated gene can be then cloned in a suitable vector for gene transfer. The selected vector should possess all the unique characteristics of an ideal vector. The molecular markers present in vectors can be used for screening transformed host cells from untransformed. After integration of desirable gene in host genome, the cells can be checked for cloned gene expressions using eliza that ultimately uses antigen specific monoclonal antibodies. The transformed cells with positive cloned gene expressions allow them for propagation using plant tissue culture (Subbirhussain, 2011).
As molecular farming has come of age, there have been technological developments on many levels, including transformation methods, control of gene expression, protein targeting and accumulation, the use of different crops as production platforms (Twyman et al, 2003,2005), and modifications to alter the structural and functional properties of the product. One of the most important driving factors has been yield improvement, as product yield has a significant impact on economic feasibility. Strategies to improve the recombinant protein yield in plants include the development of novel promoters, the improvement of protein stability and accumulation through the use of signals that target the protein to intracellular compartments, and the improvement of downstream processing technologies.
Summary of Chapters
1. Introduction: Introduces the concept of edible vaccines as an affordable, plant-based delivery system that avoids pathogenic genes and simplifies immunization in developing regions.
2. History of plant derived vaccine: Outlines the development of vaccine technology and the initial successful attempts at expressing antigens in plants since the early 1990s.
3. Molecular farming: Describes the technical process of introducing foreign genes into plants to produce targeted recombinant proteins.
4. Approach for Production of Edible Vaccines: Details specific engineering techniques such as Agrobacterium mediation, biolistic firing, and electroporation used to transform plant cells.
5. Mechanism of action: Explains how orally administered vaccines traverse the gut and stimulate mucosal and systemic immune responses via Payer’s patches.
6. Advantages of plant derived vaccine: Highlights benefits like cost-effectiveness, thermal stability, ease of administration, and the elimination of cold chain requirements.
7. Limitations of plant derived vaccines: Discusses challenges such as dose standardization, immune tolerance, and issues related to the raw consumption of certain plant materials.
8. Research regarding edible vaccine: Reviews clinical and pre-clinical progress in developing plant-based vaccines for diseases including cholera, rabies, malaria, and hepatitis B.
9. Patents regarding edible vaccine: Presents a tabular overview of various patents held for diverse antigens and expression systems in plants.
10. Cell suspension culture based expression: Evaluates the use of bioreactors and plant cell lines for the continuous, controlled production of recombinant proteins.
11. Stable expression of vaccine antigens in plants: Provides comprehensive data tables summarizing the diverse platforms and promoters used for stable antigen expression.
12. Conclusion: Summarizes the current reality and future prospects of edible vaccines, emphasizing the need to overcome regulatory and technical hurdles.
Keywords
Plant, Vaccines, Protein, Antigen, Diseases, Tissue culture, Edible vaccine, Molecular farming, Immunization, Recombinant proteins, Transgenic plants, Mucosal immunity, Bio-pharming, Bioreactors, Genetic engineering
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the fundamental concept behind this work?
The work explores the development of edible vaccines, which are produced by inserting specific genes into plants to trigger the production of antigenic proteins for immunization purposes.
What are the core thematic areas of the review?
The review covers the history of edible vaccines, molecular farming techniques, immunological mechanisms, current research on specific diseases, and the advantages and challenges of this technology.
What is the primary goal of the research?
The primary goal is to assess the viability of plant-derived vaccines as a cost-effective, easily scalable, and stable alternative to traditional injectable vaccines, particularly for underdeveloped countries.
Which scientific methods are primarily discussed?
The paper discusses genetic transformation methods including Agrobacterium-mediated transfer, the biolistic method (gene gun), and electroporation, as well as plant tissue culture and bioreactor-based production.
What is covered in the main body of the text?
The main body covers the theoretical basis of protein expression, the pathways for immune induction, detailed summaries of research on specific pathogens, and the technical hurdles in production and standardization.
Which keywords characterize this research?
Key terms include plant-derived vaccines, molecular farming, mucosal immunity, recombinant protein expression, and transgenic plant platforms.
How does the plant cell wall contribute to the efficacy of these vaccines?
The plant cell wall acts as a natural barrier that protects the contained vaccine proteins from degradation by gastric enzymes, ensuring they reach the intestinal immune tissues intact.
What is the "second generation" of edible vaccines mentioned?
These are multicomponent vaccines designed to express multiple antigens simultaneously, allowing them to target different disease markers or pathogens in a single administration.
- Citation du texte
- Dr. Pratibha Chaturvedi (Auteur), Prof. Dr. Abhay Chowdhary (Auteur), 2014, Plant derived vaccine, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/269489
