Two bait-based techniques, Zonatrac Male Annihilation and Ceranock Attract and Kill, were used for the control of mixed populations of the Medfly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and peach fruit fly Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) on apricot and mango in Egypt. Treatments were carried out in an apricot orchard in Al-Beheira and later in a mango orchard in Al-Sharqiyah. Both techniques have proved to be successful in substantially reducing infestation on mango, where fruit damage assessment revealed infestation rates at 4.92% and 3.28% in two treatment plots, as opposed to 27.87% in an untreated control plot. The apricot trial witnessed a relatively high infestation rate in both treatment plots, as well as the control plot, due to an unexpectedly overwhelming Medfly population surpassing the application rate capacity. Apricot fruit damage assessment resulted in 51.92% and 42.72% infestation rates in the two treatment plots, and 44.55% infestation rate in the pesticide-treated control plot.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. General Information and Statistics
2.1.1. Apricot
2.1.2. Mango
2.2. Use of Pheromones and Parapheromones in Pest Management
2.3. Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)
2.3.1. Taxonomic Hierarchy
2.3.2. Morphology
2.3.3. Biology
2.3.4. Damage
2.3.5. Integrated Management of C. capitata
2.4. Peach Fruit Fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders)
2.4.1. Taxonomic Hierarchy
2.4.2. Morphology
2.4.3. Biology
2.4.4. Damage
2.4.5. Integrated Management of B. zonata
2.4.6. B. zonata in Egypt
2.5. Background of the Study’s Control Strategies
2.6. Control Strategies of the Study
2.6.1. Principles of the A&K Technique
2.6.2. Examples of A&K Systems
2.6.3. Examples of Fruit Fly Attractants
3. Materials & Methods
3.1. Zonatrac Male Annihilation Technique
3.2. Ceranock A&K Technique
3.3. Monitoring Traps
3.3.1. McPhail Trap Description
3.3.2. TML in McPhail trap
3.3.3. ME in McPhail trap
3.3.4. Femilure in McPhail trap
3.3.5. DDVP Trapping Strips
3.4. Data Collection
3.5. Biotopes
3.5.1. Apricot Trial
3.5.2. Mango Trial
4. Results & Discussion
4.1. Apricot Trial
4.1.1. Trap Catches
4.1.2. Apricot Fruit Damage Assessment
4.2. Mango Trial
4.2.1. Trap Catches
4.2.2. Mango Fruit Damage Assessment
4.3. Statistical Analysis: “t”-test
5. Conclusions
Research Objectives and Focus Areas
This research aims to evaluate sustainable, eco-friendly control measures against the peach fruit fly (PFF) and the Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) in Egypt. The study focuses on monitoring population densities and testing the efficacy of the "Attract & Kill" (A&K) technique and the bait-based "Male Annihilation Technique" (MAT) in apricot and mango orchards.
- Monitoring population densities of PFF and Medfly in Egyptian orchards.
- Evaluating the efficacy of the Ceranock A&K technique on both fruit flies.
- Assessing the impact of the Zonatrac MAT against the PFF.
- Comparing traditional pesticide-based strategies with non-toxic, bait-based alternatives.
- Analyzing the competitive displacement of Medfly populations by the PFF in the study areas.
Excerpt from the Book
2.6.1. Principles of the A&K Technique
While the technique is referred to in the literature using different terms—such as "bait sprays" and attracticides—still the name "Attract and Kill" or "Lure & Kill" seems to be the most popular. The A&K technique has been in use by both farmers and large agricultural firms for several decades. The strategy is based on pheromone- and parapheromone-mediated control and is used in pest control and eradication programs that put environment conservation as one of its goals.
Either crude baits or synthetic semiochemicals can be used as attractants used in the traps utilized by the A&K strategy. While crude baits are extensively used against crawling insects like ants and cockroaches, semiochemicals are mainly used against flying insects of the Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera orders (Beroza and Green, 1963).
It is worth mentioning here a crucial difference between the A&K technique and the mass trapping technique. In the A&K technique, insects are attracted to the source of the attractant but they are not entrapped there as in the case of mass trapping. What happens is that insects attracted to the lure are killed by the killing agent, and thus end up falling somewhere on the orchard's floor, which significantly reduces the target insect population (El-Sayed et al., 2009). This is exactly the case with the two products used as A&K techniques in this study.
Summary of Chapters
1. Introduction: Provides an overview of apricot and mango cultivation in Egypt and introduces the two primary fruit fly pests, PFF and Medfly, highlighting the economic need for alternative control strategies.
2. Literature Review: Details the biology, morphology, and distribution of the target fruit flies, alongside a technical background on pheromone-based and bait-based control strategies currently available.
3. Materials & Methods: Describes the specific experimental setups in apricot and mango orchards, including the application protocols for Zonatrac and Ceranock and the monitoring trap configurations.
4. Results & Discussion: Presents the collected trap data and fruit damage assessments, providing statistical analysis to determine the effectiveness of the tested A&K and MAT techniques.
5. Conclusions: Summarizes the study's findings, affirming the success of the applied bait techniques in mango orchards and suggesting their potential for broader application in Egyptian agriculture.
Keywords
Bactrocera zonata, Ceratitis capitata, Peach Fruit Fly, Medfly, Attract & Kill, A&K, Male Annihilation Technique, MAT, Pest Control, Egypt, Apricot, Mango, Pheromones, Parapheromones, Insecticide Resistance.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary objective of this research?
The research evaluates the efficacy of two non-toxic, bait-based control techniques—Ceranock and Zonatrac—against the peach fruit fly and the Mediterranean fruit fly to reduce pesticide usage in Egyptian orchards.
Which pests are specifically targeted in this study?
The study focuses on the peach fruit fly (Bactrocera zonata) and the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata), both of which cause significant economic damage to apricot and mango crops in Egypt.
What methodology was applied to test these control strategies?
The study utilized a Randomized Complete Block (RCB) experimental design in both apricot and mango orchards, employing monitoring traps and specific "Attract & Kill" or "Male Annihilation" bait systems.
What are the central themes addressed in the literature review?
The review covers taxonomic classifications, biological life cycles, economic impact, and historical and modern development of pheromone-based control strategies for Tephritidae fruit flies.
How does the "Attract & Kill" (A&K) technique differ from traditional mass trapping?
In mass trapping, insects are physically captured in a trap, whereas in A&K, insects are attracted to a treated surface where they contact a killing agent and subsequently die, often falling to the orchard floor.
What primary conclusion was reached regarding the mango trial?
The mango trial showed significant success, achieving a 95.08% to 96.72% control rate in treatment plots, compared to a higher infestation rate in the untreated control plot.
Why was the apricot trial's performance different from the mango trial?
The lower success in the apricot trial was attributed to the relatively small size of the experimental plots and the fact that neighboring orchards were heavily sprayed, causing a migration of flies that overwhelmed the bait capacity.
How did the ratio of PFF to Medfly influence the study results?
The PFF population significantly outnumbered the Medfly population, which is indicative of a competitive displacement process where PFF invasive behavior dominates, rendering some of the Medfly-specific bait efforts less impactful in the mixed population.
- Citation du texte
- Ramy Aljazzar (Auteur), 2013, New Bait-Based Techniques for the Control of the Peach Fruit Fly Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) and the Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/276134
