River Hindon is a major source of water to the highly populated and predominantly rural population of western Uttar Pradesh, India. River Hindon originates in the lower Himalayas in Saharanpur district (UP, Uttar Pradesh) and flows 260 km through six districts including Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Baghpat, Ghaziabad and Gautambudh Nagar until its confluence with the Yamuna. The main sources, which create pollution in the river, include municipal wastes of Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar and Ghaziabad districts and industrial effluents of sugar, pulp and paper distilleries and other miscellaneous industries through tributaries as well as direct outfalls. In non-monsoon months the river is completely dry from its origin up to Saharanpur town. The main water quality parameters that have been used to assess the quality of Hindon river are pH, BOD, COD, DO, TDS, TSS Electrical Conductivity, Total Hardness, Nitrate, Phosphates, Chlorides, Sulphates and Faecal Coliform. These data are obtained by collecting water and wastewater samples during pre- and post-monsoon seasons during month of January and April 2013 and are converted with National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index to achieve at a single value defining the water quality at selected locations. The result shows that the water quality of river is not good. The water of river Hindon is not suitable for any use.
Table of Contents
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. STUDY AREA
4. WATER QUALITY SAMPLING
5. SEWAGE SAMPLE AND TESTING TECHNIQUES
5.1 Water sampling and preservation
5.2 Type of sample
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
7. CONCLUSIONS
Objectives & Themes
The primary objective of this research is to assess the water quality of the Hindon River along a 100 km stretch between Atali village and Habiatpur (Mohan Nagar) to determine its suitability for various uses and to formulate a conservation plan. The study investigates the impact of municipal and industrial effluents on the river's ecological health by analyzing key physiochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations during pre- and post-monsoon seasons.
- Assessment of critical water quality parameters (BOD, COD, DO, TDS, pH, etc.)
- Longitudinal analysis of heavy metal contamination (Zn, Cu, Fe, Cr)
- Evaluation of the impact of industrial and municipal waste discharge
- Comparison of collected data against national and international water quality standards
- Proposals for conservation strategies, including sewage treatment and minimal flow maintenance
Excerpt from the Book
SEWAGE SAMPLE AND TESTING TECHNIQUES
Water sampling and preservation Samples were collected as per (APHA 2005) and sample testing was done in AHEC, IITR. In brief each sample represent a composite sample made by mixing water samples from one-third, one-half and two third width of a river along a transect. Samples were collected from 15-30 cm of water surface using standard water sampler (Hydro bias Germany), which were then kept in large airtight plastic ice-cold containers at 4oC and were transported to laboratory within 8 hours of their collection. Sample for metal analysis and for physiochemical analysis were kept in different bottles with specific preservative. D.O, pH and conductance were measured at the site with portable meter. The physiochemical analyses were done as per the standard methods (APHA 2005). For each period, three replicates of the water samples were collected and the average of three samples for each parameter to be studied was considered as one reading. Velocity is measured at the site with the help velocity reader. Discharge of the river was calculated by area velocity method as per IS 1192-1981 manual.
Summary of Chapters
ABSTRACT: Provides an overview of the river's course, the main pollution sources, and the methodology used to assess water quality, concluding that the river's water quality is poor.
INTRODUCTION: Outlines the significance of the Hindon River as a water source for Western Uttar Pradesh and discusses the historical context of pollution due to industrial and municipal effluents.
STUDY AREA: Defines the scope of the current research, covering a 100 km stretch from Atali village to Habiatpur, following a previous study on the upper stretch.
WATER QUALITY SAMPLING: Details the sampling locations, specifically identifying various drains and confluence points where water samples were collected for analysis.
SEWAGE SAMPLE AND TESTING TECHNIQUES: Describes the methodology for sample collection, preservation, and the analytical techniques used in the laboratory to determine various parameters.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Presents and analyzes the collected data on physiochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations, illustrating longitudinal variations across the study stretch.
CONCLUSIONS: Summarizes the study's findings, highlighting that the river is heavily polluted and unsuitable for use, while offering recommendations for environmental restoration.
Keywords
Hindon River, Water Quality Index, Physio-chemical analysis, Heavy metal contamination, Industrial effluents, Municipal waste, Dissolved Oxygen, BOD, COD, Turbidity, Conservation plan, Wastewater, Water pollution, Hydrology, Environmental assessment
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core focus of this research?
The research focuses on evaluating the water quality of a 100 km stretch of the Hindon River to identify the extent of pollution caused by municipal and industrial waste.
What are the primary thematic areas covered?
The paper covers the assessment of water quality parameters, longitudinal variation analysis, heavy metal analysis, and the development of potential conservation strategies.
What is the main research objective?
The objective is to quantify the water quality degradation to demonstrate the river's unsuitability for domestic or aquatic use and to propose management interventions.
Which scientific methods are utilized?
The study employs APHA 2005 standard methods for water sampling and testing, utilizing various instruments like spectrophotometers, pH meters, and COD/DO meters to analyze physiochemical and metallic components.
What does the main body of the work address?
The main body examines laboratory analysis results, compares them with CPCB and WHO standards, and provides graphical longitudinal profiles of pollutants along the river.
Which keywords characterize this paper?
Key terms include Hindon River, Water Quality Index, heavy metal contamination, industrial effluents, and environmental conservation.
What are the implications of the high BOD and COD levels mentioned?
High BOD and COD levels indicate a significant presence of organic matter and non-biodegradable waste, confirming that the river is suffering from extreme organic pollution.
What role does heavy metal analysis play in the findings?
The heavy metal analysis serves to confirm the toxicological impact of industrial discharge, showing that levels of copper, iron, and chromium in certain sections exceed safe limits for aquatic life and human health.
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- Prabhakar Shukla (Autor:in), M K Singhal (Autor:in), 2014, Conservation plan of Hindon River in-between Muzaffarnagar and Ghaziabad, München, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/281560
