Hooliganism is growing alarmingly at sport events, especially during football matches. This phenomenon has its roots in medieval times. Different peoples waged fights against each other when a kind of ball was in the near trying to show power. Later it is distinguished between disorder and disaster describing kinds of incidents during games. As a result, additional costs for the population and sport clubs are generated and sustainably affect public expenditures.
The population is exposed to the danger of destruction, violence and aggression before, during and after the games. Internalising these negative effects, more means of the tax payer are used to pay policemen operating hours. Regarding the German football seasons of the first and second league in 2007/2008 and 2011/2012 there has been an increase of 32 % in terms of working hours. Furthermore sport clubs recruit stewards having other rights than policemen. These employees are allowed to stick to the stadium’s house rules and may throw people out although they have not broken the law. More and more stadiums tend to install new, high developed cameras, namely CCTV, to monitor the spectators.
Socalled smart cards help to identify people very fast and the sport clubs know who enters the stadium. Without incorporating and implementing an adequate strategy, state and sport clubs hardly succeed in weakening or controlling hooliganism.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
2 Method and data
3 Impacts of hooliganism
3.1 Change of welfare
3.2 Increasing tax payments
4 Possible solutions and preventive measures as tools for risk management
5 Conclusion
6 List of literature
Objectives and Topics
This assignment examines the economic and management-related consequences of hooliganism in football, specifically analyzing its impact on public welfare and tax expenditures. It aims to evaluate the effectiveness of current preventive measures and security strategies employed by football clubs and state authorities.
- Economic analysis of hooliganism as a negative externality.
- Examination of rising police costs and operational burdens on the state.
- Evaluation of security technologies, including CCTV and smart card systems.
- Analysis of risk management strategies and the role of stadium stewards.
Excerpt from the Book
1 Introduction
It is undisputable that sport events have reached in the context of the increasing commercialization, socialisation procedures and professionalization, a status enabling to sustainably influence economy and society. In literature, these kinds of impacts are called externalities. A general definition is provided by Jean-Jaques Gouguet and Eric Barget (Handbook on the Economics of Sport, 2006, p. 168) saying that “an externality is defined as the impact of the actions of an individual on the well-being of other people […]”. With each coin having two sides, it has to be differed between positive and negative externalities. Regarding sport events, job creation, urban development from an economic and improved social integration from a sociological point of view belong to positive external effects. In contrast the destruction of the natural environment and the lack of integrity and credibility, due to match-fixing and doping, are representative for negative ones. On account of the vast range of externalities, this work completely neglects positive externalities and focuses on hooliganism, particularly in the football scene.
Summary of Chapters
1 Introduction: This chapter introduces the concept of externalities in the context of professional sport and defines the focus on hooliganism as a negative social and economic phenomenon.
2 Method and data: This section outlines the data sources, specifically focusing on ZIS reports regarding police missions and the application of microeconomic welfare models to analyze hooliganism.
3 Impacts of hooliganism: This chapter analyzes how hooliganism negatively affects economic welfare and leads to a significant increase in tax-funded police operating hours.
4 Possible solutions and preventive measures as tools for risk management: This section discusses various security strategies, including the use of CCTV, smart cards, and the shift from state police to private stewards in managing crowd safety.
5 Conclusion: The concluding chapter summarizes the findings, highlighting the persistent challenges of hooliganism and the necessity of integrated security concepts for future football events.
6 List of literature: This chapter provides a comprehensive bibliography of the academic sources and electronic data used for the assignment.
Keywords
hooliganism, externality, tax payments, risk management, football, welfare economy, security, CCTV, stadium, stewards, violence, police, economic impact, prevention, crowd control.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this assignment?
The assignment focuses on the economic and management-related impacts of hooliganism in football, specifically addressing how these negative phenomena burden society and the state.
What are the central themes discussed?
The core themes include the definition of hooliganism as a negative externality, the resulting costs for tax payers due to increased police presence, and the implementation of risk management and security technologies.
What is the research objective of this work?
The objective is to identify the consequences of hooliganism on population welfare and to analyze existing preventive measures and solution approaches from an economic perspective.
Which methodology is used to evaluate the impacts?
The author uses a microeconomic model of welfare to illustrate the impact of hooliganism on market balance and analyzes empirical data from the Central Information Center for Sports Missions (ZIS) to demonstrate rising police costs.
What topics are covered in the main body?
The main body covers the theoretical framework of externalities, an analysis of welfare changes, the presentation of crime statistics in German football, and an evaluation of modern security tools like CCTV and smart cards.
Which keywords best describe the paper?
Key terms include hooliganism, externality, tax payments, risk management, security, and welfare economy.
How does the author define the role of the state in security?
The author argues that while the state is responsible for public order, it does not have a prevention monopoly; football clubs must also contribute through internal risk management and the use of stewards.
What specific security technology does the author highlight?
The paper discusses the use of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) for monitoring spectator areas and the use of smart cards for access control and identification.
- Citar trabajo
- Oliver Götz (Autor), 2013, The Rise of Hooliganism in Sport Events, Múnich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/284128
