Howells and James have often been regarded as cofounders of realism in the USA. Howells regarded the work of James as "character-painting", "a matter of painting what he sees", thus making its realistic quality slightly doubtful, describing James as a romancer. What his favourite character, Isabel Archer, says of personal identity ("Nothing that belongs to me is any measure of me; on the contrary, it's a limit, a barrier, and a perfectly arbitrary one.") is reminiscent of American Transcendentalism: the issue of free will vs. determinism.
Table of Contents
1. American Realism
1.1. Problems of terminology
1.2. Reasons for emergence
1.3. Distinction from Naturalism and American Renaissance
2. Typical realism novel (The Portrait of a Lady)
2.1. Characteristics of the American realism novel
2.2. Thematic and formal features of The Portrait
2.3. Daisy Miller – a study of the female protagonist
3. Sophistication of the realism novel (The Wings of the Dove)
3.1. Focus on the characters' consciousness
3.2. Contradiction – a melodramatic story and an evasive text
3.3. Limits of objective representation
4. Elaboration of (American) realism novel
4.1. Theory of literature in The Art of Fiction
4.2. Further improvements - Prefaces to the New York Edition (1908)
Objectives and Research Themes
This work examines the evolution and specific literary characteristics of American Realism through the lens of Henry James's major works, exploring how the genre shifted from traditional narrative structures to an emphasis on psychological complexity and the subjectivity of the characters' consciousness.
- The historical and ideological emergence of American Realism in the post-Civil War era.
- The transition from external plot-driven narratives to internal character studies.
- The development of narrative techniques such as limited third-person perspective and the "centre of consciousness."
- The interplay between melodramatic elements and textual ambiguity in later works like The Wings of the Dove.
Excerpt from the Book
3. Sophistication of the realism novel (The Wings of the Dove)
The Wings of The Dove (1902) together with The Golden Bowl (1904) belong to the major phase and are quite different from other novels by James. All characters influence each other through constant changes of awareness and are thus in a permanent process of transformation which makes their identities very unstable. They reflect upon the behaviour of the others and, consequently, change their own behaviour. The positions of the manipulator and the manipulated are also changing.
The central characters, Kate Croy, Merton Densher and Milly Theale, are focalisers in Book I, II and III respectively. Thematically, the novel deals with subject typical for a realism novel. International theme - “Europe – the great American sedative”; Merton's experience in the USA; Kate, Aunt Maud, Lord Mark (London society, material interest, power, 'working' upon everybody) vs. Milly, Susan (USA, tradition); Americans exposed to Europeans and Europeans exposed to Americans. Class – only in London, mostly upper class, margin – Kate, her family, Merton. In the USA no class, mostly material differences. Pecuniary matters are very significant.
Summary of Chapters
1. American Realism: This chapter establishes the terminology and the historical context for the emergence of the movement, highlighting the differences between American and European manifestations.
2. Typical realism novel (The Portrait of a Lady): An analysis of the prototypical realist novel, focusing on thematic elements, social conflict, and the specific narrative techniques employed by Henry James.
3. Sophistication of the realism novel (The Wings of the Dove): Explores the more complex, contradictory nature of James's mature phase, where narrative structure becomes subordinate to the representation of psychological consciousness.
4. Elaboration of (American) realism novel: Examines James's literary theory through his essays and prefaces, outlining the requirements for the novel to be considered serious art.
Keywords
American Realism, Henry James, Literary Naturalism, Psychological Realism, The Portrait of a Lady, The Wings of the Dove, Characterisation, Consciousness, Narrative Technique, Gilded Age, Determinism, Subjectivity, Literary Theory, The Art of Fiction, Identity.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this work?
The work focuses on the evolution of American Realism, specifically analyzing how Henry James shifted the conventions of the novel to prioritize psychological depth and the subjectivity of characters over traditional plot structures.
What are the central thematic fields covered?
The study covers the historical emergence of realism, the transition from Romanticism to Realism, the international theme (Old World vs. New World), and the intersection of social class and individual identity.
What is the main objective or research question?
The goal is to explore how James contributed to the "sophistication" of the realism novel by moving from objective, external observation toward the internal, often ambiguous, complexities of human consciousness.
Which scientific method is utilized?
The analysis employs literary criticism and textual analysis, comparing thematic and formal elements across several of James's key novels and his own theoretical prefaces.
What topics are discussed in the main body?
The main body addresses the definitions and background of the realist movement, provides in-depth readings of The Portrait of a Lady and The Wings of the Dove, and examines James's literary theories in The Art of Fiction.
Which keywords best describe this study?
Key terms include American Realism, psychological complexity, character-painting, narrative technique, and the international theme.
How does the author define the "reality effect" in realism?
The author argues that realism does not seek an objective depiction of reality, but rather a "reality effect"—an agreement between text and reader that the presented depiction is true or real.
What is unique about the structure of "The Wings of the Dove"?
It is described as a contradictory and "evasive" text where traditional storytelling is sacrificed to capture the characters' consciousness, resulting in gaps and intentionally obscure language.
- Citation du texte
- LL.M., MA Irina Giertz (Auteur), 2005, Henry James and the American Realism, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/285212
