Electrical power systems face a paradigm shift: the change from supply-side orientation to demand-side concentration. This shift is promoted by an increasing share of renewable energy generation that is predominantly supplied on a local scale. Thus, electric power grids designed to serve unidirectional top-down energy distribution have to cope with increasing bidirectional power flows as a result from intermittent renewable energy supply. This compromises grid stability. Costs of conventional energy supply and energy related costs, resource depletion, climate change and dependence as well as supply security and reliability present further challenges in electrical power systems. Together they drive the engagement towards new technologies and approaches.
The thesis examines Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) and Micro Grids as well as their combination and the opportunity to conduct Demand Side Management (DSM) in order to integrate renewables, increase grid stability and raise independence. BEMS are systems that undertake energy management, controlling and prediction for loads, generators and storages of specific buildings. Micro grids interconnect distributed generation and storage devices. Both concepts incorporate considerable integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) which adds information flows to power flows. By aggregation of capacities, complexity reduction and adding flexibility to the local scale this combination has significant potential to tackle the challenges of the ongoing paradigm shift. The potential of buildings together with stakeholder interests and incentives to engage and propagate the application of these concepts as well as collaboration opportunities will be focus of this work.
Technologies and enabled approaches can raise energy autonomy of buildings and networks of buildings, increase local reliability and security of energy supply but also support the utility grid by offering grid-supporting services. Therefore different building sectors will be assessed in this work and give a framework for the sector-specific evaluation of incentives. Monetary incentives through supply and trade of flexibility as well as reduction of energy and related costs or generation of revenues through power and ancillary services provision provide the most attracting incentives. Flexible loads and generators thus offer high potential for rewards. Markets and participation requirements will be outlined in this thesis.
Inhaltsverzeichnis (Table of Contents)
- Introduction
- Motivation and Context
- Research Questions and Structure
- Fundamentals and State of the Art
- Challenges Arising from the Electrical Power System Change
- Introduction to Electrical Grids
- Supply follows Demand – Traditional Electrical Power Systems
- Demand follows Supply - Future Electrical Power Systems
- Classification of Micro Grids
- Micro Grids in General
- Different Types of Micro Grids
- Demand Side Management (DSM) and Demand Response (DR)
- Overview of Building Energy Management Systems (BEMSs)
- Definition
- Components, Functions and Capabilities
- Targets, Key Success Factors and Benefits
- Operational Drivers and Functions
- Interoperability within the Grid Hierarchy to Conduct DSM
- Benefits
- Performing Demand Side Management with BEMS in Micro Grids
- Overall Approach
- Demonstration Sample
- Energy-oriented Characterization of Building Types
- Significance of the Buildings Sector for Energy Consumption
- Impact and projected Growth of the Building Sector
- Energy Efficiency, Energy Sufficiency and Distributed Generation by Buildings
- Industrial Buildings
- Definition and Examples
- Impact and Future Development of Delivered Energy Consumption
- Structure of Delivered Energy Consumption
- Consumption Patterns and Behavior
- Commercial and Public Buildings
- Definition and Examples
- Impact and Future Development of Delivered Energy Consumption
- Structure of Delivered Energy Consumption
- Consumption Patterns and Behavior
- Residential Buildings
- Definition and Examples
- Impact and Future Development of Delivered Energy Consumption
- Structure of Delivered Energy Consumption
- Consumption Patterns and Behavior
- Summary of Sector Impact and Devices
- The Potential of Buildings to Offer Grid-Supporting Services
- Target and Factors of Electric Power Grids and their Influences
- Target and Factors
- Influences
- Building Potential for Grid-Supporting Services
- Active Energy Balance
- Reactive Energy Balance
- Energy Storages
- Incentives for BEMS Stakeholders to Form Micro Grids and Offer Grid-Supporting Services
- Energy Markets Today
- Future Development and Possible Solutions
- Potential Stakeholder Interests
- Utilities
- Current Challenges
- Potential Sector-Specific Interests
- Incentives and Potential Approaches
- Government
- Current Challenges
- Potential Sector-Specific Interests
- Incentives and Potential Approaches
- End-User Costs and Revenues
- Industrial Application Scenario
- Current Challenges
- Potential Sector-Specific Interests
- Incentives and Potential Approaches
- Public/Commercial Application Scenario
- Current Challenges
- Potential Sector-Specific Interests
- Incentives and Potential Approaches
- Residential Application Scenario
- Current Challenges
- Potential Sector-Specific Interests
- Incentives and Potential Approaches
- Transmission and Distribution System Operators
- Current Approaches to Address End-User Incentives
- Conclusion
- Summary of the Results
- Outlook
- Integration of renewable energy sources into the grid
- Demand-side management (DSM) and its role in grid stability
- Incentives for stakeholders to adopt BEMS and Micro Grids
- The potential of buildings to offer grid-supporting services
- The impact of distributed energy systems on energy autonomy and security
- Introduction: This chapter provides motivation and context for the thesis, outlining the challenges and opportunities of the changing electrical power system. It also introduces the research questions and the structure of the work.
- Fundamentals and State of the Art: This chapter delves into the challenges of the electrical power system change, including the transition to renewable energy sources and the increasing need for demand-side management. It also introduces Micro Grids, BEMS, and Demand Response (DR) as key concepts in decentralized energy systems.
- Energy-oriented Characterization of Building Types: This chapter examines the significance of the buildings sector for energy consumption and its potential for energy efficiency, sufficiency, and distributed generation. It analyzes specific building types like industrial, commercial, public, and residential buildings, highlighting their energy consumption patterns and future trends.
- The Potential of Buildings to Offer Grid-Supporting Services: This chapter explores the potential of buildings to contribute to grid stability and reliability by providing grid-supporting services. It examines the factors influencing grid stability and how buildings can contribute through active and reactive energy balance and energy storage.
- Incentives for BEMS Stakeholders to Form Micro Grids and Offer Grid-Supporting Services: This chapter investigates the incentives for different stakeholders, including utilities, government, and end-users, to adopt BEMS and Micro Grids. It explores the potential market opportunities for monetizing flexibilities and the economic benefits of distributed energy systems.
Zielsetzung und Themenschwerpunkte (Objectives and Key Themes)
This thesis explores the potential of Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) and Micro Grids in decentralized electrical power systems, focusing on demand-side management and integration of renewable energy sources. The work analyzes the challenges and opportunities presented by the shift from supply-side to demand-side orientation in electrical power systems.
Zusammenfassung der Kapitel (Chapter Summaries)
Schlüsselwörter (Keywords)
This thesis focuses on key terms and concepts such as Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS), Micro Grids, Demand Side Management (DSM), Demand Response (DR), renewable energy sources, grid stability, energy autonomy, stakeholder incentives, and distributed energy systems.
- Citar trabajo
- Marcel Kurovski (Autor), 2013, Concepts and Incentives for the Decentralization of Electrical Power Systems based on Building Energy Management Systems, Múnich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/286882
