Non-Communicable Diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide causing nearly 80% of deaths in low and middle-income countries. The World Health Organization has identified certain risk factors that are associated with an increase in the occurrence of Non-Communicable Diseases: they are physical inactivity, tobacco use, alcohol use and unhealthy diets.
A cross-sectional descriptive research design was used to assess the status of behavioural risk factors regarding Non-Communicable Diseases among the adult women of Gothatar Village Development Committee, Kathmandu. A total of 156 women were taken by using cluster random sampling technique. A semi-structured questionnaire developed on the basis of Non Communicable Diseases Risk Factors: STEPS Survey Nepal 2013 was used and face to face interview was done to collect the data. The analysis was done by using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Chi Square test, Fisher's exact test and Odds ratio).
The finding of the study revealed that 91.9% of women were taking inadequate fruit and vegetables as recommended by World Health Organization. Current smoking was present in 7.7% respondents, where older people were more likely to be current smoker (p=<0.001), current alcohol consumption was present in 7.1 % and was higher in underprivileged (p=0.020). Physical inactivity was found in 6.4% with 6 time higher prevalence among older age group. Nearly half (51.9%) of women were found to be overweight and obese. Systolic hypertension was present in 9% and diastolic hypertension in 13.5% of the respondent.
The finding of study concluded that the use of smoking was higher among older women and among those women with education level below primary level. Alcohol consumption was found to be more among women of underprivileged group. The study highlighted the poor dietary habit among women indicating the need of education and awareness raising programs on diet and nutrition.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
1.2. Need for the Study
1.3. Objectives of the Study
1.4. Significance of the Study
1.5. Conceptual Framework
1.6. Hypothesis/ Research questions
1.7. Operational Definitions
1.8. Delimitation
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Review of Literature
2.3. Summary of Reviewed Literature
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research Design
3.2. Research Setting and Population
3.3. Sampling
3.4. Instrumentation
3.5. Data Collection Procedure
3.6. Ethical Considerations
3.7. Data Analysis Procedure
CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
CHAPTER V: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
3.1. Discussion
3.2. Conclusion
3.3. Limitations
3.4. Implications
3.5. Recommendations for Further Study
Research Objectives and Themes
The primary objective of this study is to assess the prevalence and status of behavioral risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among adult women residing in the Gothatar Village Development Committee (VDC), Kathmandu. The research investigates how specific lifestyle behaviors contribute to the growing burden of NCDs in this demographic, aiming to provide a baseline for local health interventions and awareness programs.
- Prevalence of tobacco use (smoking and smokeless) among adult women.
- Status and patterns of alcohol consumption.
- Dietary habits, specifically fruit and vegetable intake and salt consumption.
- Assessment of physical activity levels using metabolic equivalents.
- Correlation between socio-demographic variables and behavioral risk factors.
Excerpt from the Book
1.1 Background of the Study
Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are the biggest cause of death worldwide. A total of 57 million deaths occurred in the world during 2008, 36 million (63%) were due to NCDs mainly cardiovascular diseases (48%), cancers (21%), chronic respiratory diseases (12%) and diabetes (3%). In Nepal, the estimated death in 2008 by NCDs was 50% of all death with 48.8% in male and 42.8% in female (Alwan, Armstrong, Cowan, & Riley, 2011).
Low- and lower-middle-income countries have the highest proportion of deaths under the age of 60 years from NCDs. Premature deaths under age of 60 years for high income countries were 13% and 25% for upper-middle-income countries. In lower middle-income countries the proportion of premature NCD deaths under 60 years rose to 28%, more than double the proportion in high-income countries. In low-income countries, the proportion of premature NCD deaths under 60 years was 41%; which is three times the proportion in high-income countries (Alwan et al., 2011).
Non communicable diseases (NCDs) cause 63% of deaths globally and nearly 80% of deaths in low and middle income countries(Alwan, 2010). In Nepal, 42% of deaths are caused by NCDs and nearly 35% of deaths are caused by four particular NCDs – cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and diabetes mellitus (Aryal et al., 2014).
WHO has identified certain risk factors (personal behavior of lifestyle, an environmental exposure, hereditary characteristic) that is associated with an increase in the occurrence of NCDs. Physical inactivity, tobacco use, alcohol use and unhealthy diets are the four prioritized behavioral risk factors associated with occurrence of four leading NCDs.
Summary of Chapters
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION: This chapter establishes the global and local burden of non-communicable diseases and defines the specific research objectives focused on behavioral risk factors in the Gothatar VDC.
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE: This section provides a comprehensive overview of existing studies concerning the four major NCD risk factors: tobacco use, alcohol consumption, dietary habits, and physical inactivity.
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY: This chapter describes the cross-sectional descriptive design, sampling techniques (cluster random sampling), and the data collection process utilized to survey the target population.
CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS OF THE STUDY: This chapter presents the statistical data gathered, including socio-demographic characteristics, tobacco and alcohol use patterns, dietary habits, and physical health measurements like BMI and blood pressure.
CHAPTER V: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: This final section interprets the research results, draws conclusions regarding the prevalence of risk factors, and provides recommendations for future public health policies and research.
Keywords
Non-communicable diseases, NCD, Behavioral risk factors, Tobacco use, Alcohol consumption, Dietary habit, Physical inactivity, Gothatar, Kathmandu, Adult women, Hypertension, Obesity, Public health, STEPS survey, Lifestyle
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core focus of this research study?
The study focuses on assessing behavioral risk factors for non-communicable diseases—specifically tobacco use, alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity—among adult women aged 20-60 in Gothatar VDC, Kathmandu.
What are the primary themes investigated in the thesis?
The research examines lifestyle patterns including smoking habits, alcohol intake frequency, daily servings of fruits and vegetables, salt consumption, and physical activity levels (measured in METs).
What is the main objective of this academic work?
The primary objective is to determine the status and prevalence of behavioral risk factors for NCDs in the specified community and to explore associations between these factors and socio-demographic variables.
Which scientific methodology was applied?
The study utilized a cross-sectional descriptive research design, employing cluster random sampling to select 156 women and collecting data via a semi-structured questionnaire based on the WHO NCD STEPS instrument.
What does the main body of the work cover?
The main body covers a literature review of global and regional NCD risks, detailed methodology, presentation of findings through various tables (demographics, risk factors, blood pressure, BMI), and a discussion of the results compared to other regional studies.
Which keywords best characterize this research?
Key terms include non-communicable diseases, behavioral risk factors, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, dietary habits, and hypertension.
How does age affect the behavioral risk factors according to the findings?
The findings indicate that older women (age 40-60) showed significantly higher rates of tobacco use and physical inactivity compared to their younger counterparts.
What conclusion does the author draw regarding dietary habits?
The author concludes that most women in the study population have poor dietary habits, characterized by inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables, which contributes to the risk of developing non-communicable diseases.
- Quote paper
- Bibhuti Katel Karki (Author), 2015, Behavioural Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases Among Adult Women in Kathmandu, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/306178
