Monitoring urban land use/cover changes provide spatio-temporal information on the pattern and the amount of the changes that has taken place across the land use/cover classes, and the information obtained from the urban expansion are valuable for sustainable planning and management of urban resources.
Remote sensing techniques provide fast and effective means for classifying and mapping urban land cove/use change through examining spectra characteristics of multi-dates satellite images. In recent years, Kurdistan region cities have witnessed a rapid growth of the urban rates due to previous socio-economic and political variations in the area. The purpose of the study is to analyse and visualize spatial pattern of urban land use changes in Erbil city-Kurdistan and to quantify the amount of variations in the land use classes by applying remote sensing approach.
The research examines multi-dates Landsat 5 TM imageries for 1987, 2000 and 2011 by using supervised classification of maximum Likelihood classifier to display and measure the changes in the land use/classes in ERDAS 9.1 imagine processing software. The accuracy of the overall classification was measured by using confusion metrics and Kappa coefficient to test overall accuracy classification. The study achieved an overall accuracy which rate from 95, 96.43 and 94.29 in 1987, 2000 and 2011 respectively, which indicates that the research has achieved a significant level of classes.
The outcome of the study revealed that the study area has remarkably experienced changes in its land use/cover during the period of the study as built up area was increased by (3975.66 to 6123.7 hectares) over in 1987 to 2000, and (6123.7 to 12755.1 hectares) in 2000 to 2011. On the other hand, the amount of other classes has greatly declined during the period of the study from. Evidence from the post classification analysis has shown that open land and vegetation classes have experienced the most significant changes of rates in the urban land during the period of the research. For example, the rate of changes from open land to urban land is (5084.46), whereas the rate of the vegetation that converted to urban land is (2130.69).
Table of Contents
Chapter one: Introduction
1.1: Introduction
1.2: Significance of the study
1.3: Statement of the problem
1.4: Aim of the study
1.5: Research question
1.6: Organization of the Thesis
Chapter two: Literature review
2.1: Introduction
2.2: History of application Remote Sensing
2.3: Identifying urban land use change
2.4: Urban change detection approach
2.5: Methods of digital image processing of satellite images
2.5.1: Image classification
2.5.2: Accuracy of image classification
Chapter three: Data and Methodology
3.1: Introduction
3.2: Description of the Study area
3.3: Data used in this study
3.4: Method
3.5: Analysing Satellite images
3.5.1: Layer Stacking
3.5.2: Subset of study site
3.5.3: Choosing of appropriate band combinations
3.5.4: Image Pre-processing
3.6: Image classification scheme
3.7: Image classification
3.7.1: Accuracy assessment
3.8: Change detection
Chapter four: Result and discussion
4.1: Introduction
4.2: Results
4.2.1: Image pre-processing
4.2.2: Analysis of Supervised classification
4.2.3: Reclassification
4.2.4:Post-classification change detection techniques
4.2.5: Accuracy assessment
4.3: Discussion
4.3.1: Image pre-processing and supervised classification
4.3.2: Reclassification
4.3.3: Post-classification change detection
4.3.4: Accuracy assessment
Chapter five: Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1: Limitations of the research
5.2: Contributions of the research to the body of knowledge
5.3: Conclusion
5.4: Recommendations
Research Objectives and Core Themes
The primary aim of this research is to analyze and visualize the spatial patterns of urban land use changes in Erbil city, Kurdistan, and to quantify the variations in land use classes by applying remote sensing techniques over the periods of 1987, 2000, and 2011.
- Utilization of multi-temporal Landsat 5 TM satellite imagery.
- Application of supervised image classification and maximum likelihood classifier.
- Assessment of urban land use expansion and its environmental/socio-economic impact.
- Implementation of post-classification change detection to quantify transitions between land use classes.
- Integration of GIS and remote sensing for effective urban planning and resource management.
Excerpt from the Book
1.1: Introduction
Rapid urban growth has led to shifts in land use/cover in many major cities across the world, particularly in the emergent countries (Amin Abdu-Allah, 2007). Erbil City is one of the cities that have shown a dramatic change in this respect. It is a fact that urban change results from the urbanization processes. Urbanization refers to the process of changes in the number of urban dwellers (Op cit). This indicates that a high expansion of resident’s areas is lying inside the metropolitan covering the immigration of people from rural areas to the city (Zhou, 1999; Hall, and Pfeiffer, 2000; Khaleel and Ngah, 2010).
Population growth and urbanization are posing a significant risk on the ecosystem and other socioeconomic growth across the globe (Rawashdeh and Saleh, 2006). In the last five decades, the world has experienced a significant increase in the rates of urbanization. Considering the evolution and alteration resulting from urbanization is crucial in order to examine the dynamics of urban areas and manage the resources in a better way as well as providing infrastructures to need up with the growing demands that are associated with the fast growing of the urban centres (Rawashdeh and Saleh, 2006).
Urban population grows faster than the rural area, as urban areas experience high rates of migration. Darnell (2008) states that the population of the urban areas was estimated to about three billion people, and it is expected to increase by 60 % in 2030 when nearly two-thirds of the world's population will be residing in the urban centres. Last century was recognized by the urbanization, whereas this century is witnessing urban conversion (Hall and Pfeiffer, 2000). Whitehouse (2005) states that, in the mid-20th century there were 83 mega cities in the world which had been increased to 411 cities by 2000. In Iraq there were a great demographic change of urban population as people migrate from countryside to urban areas which resulted to 63% of population lived in the cities and 37% lived in the countryside in 1987, while in 2004 urban population significantly increased to 80% , whereas rural population decreased to 20% (Erbil province, 2012).
Summary of Chapters
Chapter one: Introduction: Outlines the significance of urban growth in Erbil, the research objectives, the central research questions, and the structural organization of the thesis.
Chapter two: Literature review: Provides a theoretical background on remote sensing, the history of land use change detection, and the methodologies for digital image processing.
Chapter three: Data and Methodology: Details the study area description, data sources including Landsat imagery, and the specific procedures such as layer stacking and supervised classification.
Chapter four: Result and discussion: Presents the findings of the image analysis, including pre-processing results, statistical land cover changes, and a discussion on the socio-economic factors driving urban sprawl.
Chapter five: Conclusion and Recommendation: Summarizes the key findings regarding urban growth in Erbil and offers recommendations for future planning and policy intervention.
Keywords
Urban Growth, Land Use, Remote Sensing, Landsat 5 TM, GIS, Supervised Classification, Erbil City, Spatio-Temporal, Urban Expansion, Change Detection, Kurdistan, Maximum Likelihood Classifier, Land Cover, Spatial Patterns, Urban Planning.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the fundamental focus of this research?
This research focuses on monitoring and analyzing the spatio-temporal dynamics of urban growth and land use changes in Erbil city, Kurdistan, over the span of 1987 to 2011.
2. What are the key thematic areas addressed?
The work covers urban expansion, land cover transformation, the relationship between socio-economic/political factors and urbanization, and the efficacy of remote sensing techniques in mapping these changes.
3. What is the primary research goal?
The primary goal is to identify the spatial patterns and quantify the rates of urban land use changes, specifically examining how different land classes like vegetation and open land were converted into built-up areas.
4. Which scientific methodology is applied?
The study utilizes an integrated GIS and remote sensing approach, specifically employing multi-date Landsat 5 TM imagery, Tasseled Cap (TC) transformation, and a supervised maximum likelihood classification method.
5. What is covered in the main section?
The main sections discuss the application of remote sensing for urban classification, the statistical results of land cover change across three study years, and a discussion linking these findings to Iraq's unique political and economic history.
6. Which keywords best characterize this work?
The study is best characterized by keywords such as Urban Growth, Land Use, Remote Sensing, GIS, Landsat, Erbil, and Spatio-Temporal Analysis.
7. Why was Erbil chosen as the specific study area?
Erbil was chosen because it has experienced dramatic and rapid urban growth triggered by significant socio-economic and political variations, making it a critical case study for urban development planning.
8. How does the study validate its classification results?
The study employs accuracy assessment using error matrices and the Kappa coefficient, comparing classified imagery against reference data to ensure the reliability of the urban land cover maps.
- Citation du texte
- Gaylan Rasul Faqe Ibrahim (Auteur), 2013, Urban Expansion Monitoring in Erbil City. Utilizing Remote Sensing tools in the Kurdistan Region, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/311575
