Third-Country Nationals (TNCs) have a distinct legal standpoint in the Treaties as part of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ). Within the more general context of the often mentioned conflict between Freedom and Justice, on the one hand, and Security, on the other, one can more specifically view the TNCs’ situation as being determined by the balance between the interest of the state to maintain public security and the rights of the individual. The sociological discourse has claimed that migration is perceived as a threat to national sovereignty, a perception that should predominantly shape the “management of migration flows”. This policy has been termed a ‘securitization’ of migration. Both on the EU level and on the MS level the policy paradigm has resulted in the criminalization of irregular migration, which has been conceptualized as ‘crimmigation’ in the literature. On the EU level this has taken the form of efforts to deport migrants from the Union’s territory. This paper will focus on Directive 2008/115/EC (the Returns Directive).
Besides the developments at EU level, the MSs have retained and excluded the Union’s competences from measures concerning national security. According to Article 72 TFEU, the EU may not impose measures on MSs within the AFSJ that affect “the maintenance of law and order and the safeguarding of internal security”. On this basis, several MSs have enacted additional legislation that imposes criminal sanctions on irregular migrants. This has led to conflicts before the ECJ about their compatibility with EU law. The two countries in this regard were France and Italy. The criminalization of migration in these countries is therefore of special interest to this paper. The irregular TNC thus faces a migration regime that is largely determined on the MS level but coordinated to a certain extent at the EU level. First of all this has implications for the extent of his criminalization. Within the overlap of EU and national competence in this field, to what extent can MSs impose additional sanctions on irregular migrants? Secondly this concerns the scope of Fundamental Rights. To what extent are MSs allowed to intrude on the personal liberty of the TCN in the control of migration?
Inhaltsverzeichnis (Table of Contents)
- I Introduction: Migration concerning Third Country Nationals in EU law.
- A Research Questions
- B Outline of this paper
- II Securitization and Crimmigration
- A Securitization in Europe.
- B Making Sense of Securitization - the Foucaultian Approach.
- C Security and the Individual in Jeremy Bentham's philosophy
- D Crimmigration as arbitrary rule
- E Weltanschauung and the ECJ
- III The Returns Directive and MA 'crimmigration'.
- A The Returns Directive - An overview of the process of deportation in EU law.
- B Detention in the Returns Directive
- IV ECJ jurisprudence and constraint on crimmigration
- A Fundamental Rights and the MS sovereignty and the intersection of MS/EU jurisdiction
- B EL Dridi
- C Achougbhabian
- V Conclusion
Zielsetzung und Themenschwerpunkte (Objectives and Key Themes)
This paper examines the criminalization of migration within the European Union (EU) and its impact on fundamental rights. Focusing specifically on the Returns Directive, the paper analyzes the interplay between EU and national competences regarding the management of irregular migration, particularly in relation to the deportation process.
- Securitization of migration and its implications for fundamental rights
- Crimmigration as a policy framework for managing migration flows
- The Returns Directive and its role in the criminalization of irregular migration
- The balance between security and individual rights in EU migration policy
- The role of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in safeguarding fundamental rights in migration cases
Zusammenfassung der Kapitel (Chapter Summaries)
The first chapter introduces the concept of 'securitization' and 'crimmigration' in the context of EU migration policy. It discusses the theoretical underpinnings of these concepts, drawing on the work of Michel Foucault and Jeremy Bentham, and examines how they have shaped the EU's approach to managing migration flows. The second chapter delves into the Returns Directive and its provisions for deporting irregular migrants from the EU. It specifically highlights the role of MSs in implementing the directive and examines the potential for discretion in applying criminal sanctions on migrants, potentially impacting their fundamental rights. The third chapter analyzes the jurisprudence of the ECJ on cases challenging MSs' actions under the Returns Directive. The case studies of El Dridi and Achughbabian shed light on the Court's role in balancing security considerations with the protection of individual rights.
Schlüsselwörter (Keywords)
The paper focuses on the concepts of 'securitization,' 'crimmigration,' and the 'Returns Directive' in the context of EU migration law. It explores the implications of these concepts for fundamental rights, particularly the right to liberty, and the role of the ECJ in safeguarding those rights. The paper also examines the interplay between EU and national competences in the area of migration policy, emphasizing the potential for conflict arising from the criminalization of migration.
- Citation du texte
- Arne Millahn (Auteur), 2013, Criminalization of Migration at EU and MS Level. The Role of Fundamental Rights, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/317139
