Asthma is a chronic disorder specifically characterized by severe inflammation and constriction, mucus hyper-secretion and hyper-responsiveness in the airway. Allergic Asthma (AA) is characterized by discontinuous airway obstruction that may cause temporary to severe asphyxiation and can consequence into death. Airway obstruction in asthma is because of rigorous inflammation concerning multi-cellular components together with eosinophils, neutrophils, CD4+T lymphocytes & mast cells, with eosinophilic infiltration being the most conspicuous feature.
The multifaceted phenotype of AA suggested being elevated from multiple interactions of infiltrating and structural cells that is coordinated by T helper 2 (TH2) cells consequential in chronic airway inflammation. By extremely secreting convinced mediators like interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which grasps a key point in asthma pathogenesis cause erratic degree of broncho-obstruction, increased mucus production, and airway remodeling. There are a variety of T cell which plays a significant role in AA that is TH1, TH2, TH17, regulatory T cell, TH3 TH22, TH25, TH9 and others. There are various molecular signaling molecules such as STAT4, FOXp3, GATA-3 and T-bet which regulates CD4+T cells in AA.
Nowadays the approach to manage asthma is based on inhaled bronchodilator and corticosteroids. But the research is on the mechanism of some promising phytomedicines. we summarized here with some mechanisms of some flavonoids to alleviate AA through CD4+T cells. In conclusion, we found that the CD4+T-cell subpopulations played some major contribution in regulating/modulating the AA and interestingly, the natural potent anti-oxidant & anti- inflammatory compounds such as flavonoids could able to attenuate the AA by regulating these subpopulations of CD4+T-cells or the signaling molecules involved in the pathogenesis.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction of Asthma
1.1. Global scenario of asthma
1.2. National perspective of asthma
2. Allergic Asthma (AA)
2.1. Pathophysiology of AA
2.2 Role of immune cells in AA
3. Role of T –lymphocytes in AA
3.1. Role of TH1/TH2 CELL
3.2. Role of TH17 CD4+Tcell in AA
3.3. Role of TH9 and TH25 in AA
4. Cytokines, Interleukins & Interferon-λ in AA
5. Molecular signaling molecules which regulates the CD4+T cells in AA
5.1 STAT4
5.2. FOXP3
5.3. GATA-3
5.4. T-bet
6. Natural Flavonoids
6.1. Flavonoids and AA
7. Conclusion
Objectives & Core Themes
This work aims to elucidate the role of various CD4+T cell subpopulations in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma (AA) and to evaluate the potential of natural flavonoids as a novel therapeutic strategy for ameliorating the disease by modulating these immune cells.
- Pathophysiology of Allergic Asthma (AA)
- Role of T-lymphocytes (TH1, TH2, TH17, TH9, TH25) in asthma
- Molecular signaling pathways regulating CD4+T cells
- Therapeutic potential of natural flavonoids in asthma
- Mechanism of action of specific flavonoids in airway inflammation
Excerpt from the Book
3.2. Role of TH17 CD4+Tcell in AA
1st innovation of TH17 cells in asthma pathogenesis were accounted in 2001 in two studies that perceived increased amounts of IL-17 in plasma samples [28] and an augmented expression of IL-17 mRNA in airway tissues of asthmatic patients [29]. Though, identification of TH17 cells in asthmatic airways did not success until 2008. The study by Pene et al., noticed highly triggered TH17 cells in bronchial histology of patients suffering from rigorous asthma, where these cells reported for not less than 20% of all infiltrating lymphocytes. Moreover these cells resulted in invention of IL-17A & F, IL-22, IL-26, lymphotoxin and TNF-γ [30]. Increased levels of IL-17A mRNA correlate with increased amount of neutrophils in sputum samples of asthmatic patients, these results recommended TH17 cells to participate a key role in asthma irritation towards a harsh phenotype by employment neutrophils to already inflamed asthmatic airways.
The human TH17 cells persuade the in vitro production of IL-8, together with IL-6, TNF-α, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and growth-related antigen in human bronchial epithelial cells and human bronchial smooth muscle cells by secreting IL-17A and IL-17F. TH17 cells are further capable of activating neutrophils by secreting IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-17A, which act synergistically on the production and activity of human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and myeloperoxidase, two of the most prominent neutrophil-derived enzymes [31]. Atleast, TH17 prolongs the survival of neutrophils by releasing grey matter-cerebrospinal fluid [GM-CSF] and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, enabling them not only topromote but also to sustain airway neutrophilia [32].
Summary of Chapters
1. Introduction of Asthma: This chapter provides an overview of asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder, discussing its global prevalence and national perspective in India.
2. Allergic Asthma (AA): Focuses on the definition, pathophysiology, and the role of various immune cells in the development of allergic asthma.
3. Role of T –lymphocytes in AA: Explores the involvement of diverse T-helper cell subsets, including TH1, TH2, TH17, TH9, and TH25, in asthma pathogenesis.
4. Cytokines, Interleukins & Interferon-λ in AA: Discusses the importance of various cytokines and interleukins in mediating inflammatory responses in asthma.
5. Molecular signaling molecules which regulates the CD4+T cells in AA: Details the molecular pathways and signaling molecules such as STAT4, FOXP3, GATA-3, and T-bet that influence CD4+T cell differentiation and function.
6. Natural Flavonoids: Classifies natural flavonoids and details their potential anti-asthmatic properties and underlying mechanisms of action.
7. Conclusion: Summarizes the key findings regarding the regulation of CD4+T cell subpopulations by flavonoids to attenuate the symptoms of allergic asthma.
Keywords
Allergic Asthma, CD4+T cells, TH1/TH2/TH17 cells, Cytokines, Flavonoids, Airway inflammation, Immunomodulation, STAT4, GATA-3, FOXP3, T-bet, Pathogenesis, Phytomedicine, Respiratory health, Inflammation inhibition
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this research?
The research focuses on the role of different CD4+T cell subpopulations in the development of allergic asthma and explores how natural flavonoids can be used to treat the condition.
What are the central themes discussed in this work?
The central themes include the immune-pathogenesis of asthma involving T-lymphocytes, the regulation of inflammatory signaling molecules, and the pharmacological potential of plant-derived flavonoids.
What is the main objective of the study?
The main objective is to establish how CD4+T cell subpopulations contribute to allergic asthma and to investigate the strategy of using natural flavonoids to ameliorate asthma symptoms.
Which scientific methodology is employed?
The work utilizes a review-based approach, analyzing current literature, experimental findings, and molecular mechanisms to establish the link between immune cell modulation and potential therapeutic interventions.
What is covered in the main body of the text?
The main body covers the global burden of asthma, the pathophysiology of allergic asthma, detailed roles of specific T-helper cell subsets, molecular signaling pathways, and a comprehensive review of various natural flavonoids and their mechanisms of action.
What characterize this research according to its keywords?
The research is characterized by its focus on immunomodulation, the intersection of immunology and pharmacology, and the use of natural compounds to manage inflammatory respiratory diseases.
How do TH17 cells specifically impact allergic asthma?
TH17 cells contribute to asthma severity by recruiting neutrophils to inflamed airways, promoting pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and enhancing neutrophil survival through mediators like IL-17A, IL-17F, and GM-CSF.
Why is the T-bet/GATA-3 ratio important?
This ratio represents the balance between TH1 and TH2 immune responses; a lower ratio indicates a bias towards TH2 immunity, which is associated with the persistence of inflammation in allergic asthma.
How do flavonoids alleviate asthma symptoms?
Flavonoids act by inhibiting oxidative stress, preventing the activation of mast cells and basophils, and suppressing the synthesis of TH2-type cytokines, thereby reducing airway hyper-responsiveness and inflammation.
What role does IL-25 play in asthma?
IL-25 amplifies established TH2-type immune responses, enhances allergen-induced airway inflammation, and triggers the production of typical TH2 cytokines, contributing to disease progression.
- Quote paper
- Shakti P. Pattanayak (Author), Priyashree Sunita (Author), Spriha Anshu (Author), 2016, Role of CD4+T cell sub-populations in allergic asthma, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/333928
