Forest plantations are important in Indonesia for both conservation and development aspects of forest management. They can provide a sustainable supply of wood resources to meet the increasing demands of wood processing industries, rather than escalating pressure on natural forests reserved for conservation. Income from plantation forests can address the economic marginalisation of forest dependent people. Over the last three decades, three strategies have been put into practice to stimulate the development of both large-scale and small-scale plantation forestry in Indonesia: farm forestry, community forestry and community-company partnership. The success, however, has been limited. This paper reviews experience of these strategies in Indonesia, and considers this in the context of criteria and indicators for sustainable plantation development suggested in the literature. It then develops an analytical framework to assess whether a new policy proposed in Indonesia, “the People Plantation Forest” (PPF) policy, is likely to stimulate community-based tree growing activities.
Our analysis suggests that out of six elements identified in the framework, local institutional and capacity building, along with production technology and market access improvement are aspects that PPF might cope well and thus likely to encourage independent community-based tree growing activities. Whereas other elements such land and crop tenure security together with complex licensing and marketing bureaucracy are not dealt with thoroughly and consequently might still be major stumbling blocks in that regard.
For PPF to stimulate independent community-based tree growing, it requires commitment of government agencies across different jurisdictions to coordinate on the provision of technical, financial and regulatory support to minimise constraints in tree growing. Tenure security issue can be minimised through a more participatory approach for land demarcation and mapping; any initiatives conducted by members of community for such purpose should be accommodated. While complex licensing and marketing bureaucracy might be eased off through the creation of a simpler and more integrated procedure. This commitment of support, though, needs to be maintained in the long run given the nature of tree-growing ventures.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
II. Methodology
2.1. The Research Methodology: the Thematic Analysis
2.2. Data Collection Method and Analysis
III. The existing community-based tree growing strategies
3.1. Farm Frestry (Hutan Rakyat/HR)
3.2. Community Forestry Program (Program Hutan Kemasyarakatan)
3.3. Community-Company Partnership Program (Program Kemitraan)
IV. Benefits and Constraints of the past strategies
4.1. Farm Forestry Program
4.1.1. Benefits
a. Flexible decision for land management
b. Provision of financial and resources support
4.1.2. Constraints
a. Land and crop tenure security
b. Complex selling prodedures and high transaction costs
c. Poor market information and access
d. Low capacity of the farmers and minimum access to germplasms
4.2. community Forestry (CF) Program
4.2.1. Benefits
a. Increasing access to forest land and forest resources
4.2.2. Constraints
a. Land and resource Tenure
b. The weakness of local institutions
c. Minimum technical assistance
d. Complex licensing prodecures
e. Limited access to end products
4.3. Community-Company Partnership Program
4.3.1. Benefits
a. Provision of job opportunities
b. Financial and technical Support
4.3.2. Constraints
a. Insecure land and crop tenure
b. Potential loss of livelihoods
c. Lack of local stakeholder involvement
d. Economic and financial challenges
V. People Plantation Forest Policy
VI. Discussion
6.1. Land and Crop Tenure Security
6.2. Viable Production Technology
6.3. Market Structure and Access
6.4. Crops Protection Capability
6.5. Local Institutional and Capacity Building
6.6. Complex Licensing and Marketing Bureaucracy
VII. Conclusion
Objectives & Core Topics
The primary objective of this paper is to evaluate whether the 'People Plantation Forest' (PPF) policy in Indonesia can effectively stimulate independent community-based tree growing activities by addressing previous policy impediments. The research specifically investigates whether the new policy framework removes systemic barriers to smallholder participation in the forestry sector.
- Review of historical community-based forestry strategies in Indonesia.
- Identification of key socio-economic and institutional constraints for smallholders.
- Development of an analytical framework based on sustainable forestry criteria.
- Assessment of the 'People Plantation Forest' policy components and its potential effectiveness.
- Analysis of institutional, market, and tenure-related challenges.
Excerpt from the Book
4.1.2. Constraints
Land and crop tenure security are often confused by the overlapping institutional arrangement of land ownership, particularly between customary/traditional arrangements and state regulations and laws. The basic laws, such as the Agrarian Law 1960 and the Forestry Act 1991, only recognise customary/traditional arrangements half-heartedly. The Forestry Act 1991 acknowledge customary land tenure arrangements only if they do not overlap the national interest and only as far as the use of above-ground resources. The agreements do not include below ground resources such as mining resources. The Agrarian Law 1960 only approves a land certificate issued by the Agrarian Office as proof of land ownership but this has not been fully adopted by most traditional communities. As the result, customary/traditional arrangement is often undermined (McCarthy, 1999; Fay et al, 2000; Contreras, 2005). Prior to 1980, there was an alternative way to accommodate the existence of customary land tenure arrangements through the issuance of a notification letter by the village head. Yet this is now very weak under formal laws (Nawir and ComForLink, 2007).
Summary of Chapters
I. Introduction: Provides an overview of the role of community-based tree growing in Indonesia and introduces the 'People Plantation Forest' (PPF) policy as a new government intervention.
II. Methodology: Details the thematic analysis approach and the document-based research methods used to assess forest policy.
III. The existing community-based tree growing strategies: Examines historical approaches, specifically Farm Forestry, Community Forestry, and the Community-Company Partnership Program.
IV. Benefits and Constraints of the past strategies: Analyzes the operational successes and failures of previous models, focusing on tenure, bureaucracy, and market access issues.
V. People Plantation Forest Policy: Describes the key attributes of the 2007 PPF policy, including management timeframes and new support mechanisms.
VI. Discussion: Offers an analytical assessment of how the PPF policy aligns with key success factors like production technology, institutional capacity, and tenure security.
VII. Conclusion: Summarizes the findings, suggesting that while the PPF policy shows promise in certain areas, significant systemic hurdles regarding tenure and bureaucracy remain.
Keywords
smallholder tree growing, Hutan Tanaman Rakyat, community forestry, forest management, Indonesian forestry policy, land tenure, sustainable plantation, institutional capacity, market access, rural poverty alleviation, community-company partnership, farm forestry, PPF policy, forest resources, small-scale forestry
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core focus of this research paper?
This paper focuses on the 'People Plantation Forest' (PPF) policy in Indonesia, specifically analyzing whether it can successfully encourage independent community-based tree growing by overcoming barriers faced by previous forestry strategies.
What are the central thematic fields covered?
The research covers policy assessment, forest management strategies, smallholder economic development, land tenure security, and institutional capacity building within the Indonesian forestry sector.
What is the primary research goal?
The primary goal is to assess, through an analytical framework, the likelihood that the new PPF policy will effectively stimulate independent tree growing activities at the community level.
What scientific methodology is utilized?
The study employs a qualitative thematic analysis, utilizing document studies and secondary data, including peer-reviewed journals, official government regulations, and reports published since 1998.
What specific topics are explored in the main body?
The main body examines the history of farm forestry, community forestry, and partnership models, evaluates their benefits and constraints, and compares these with the specific provisions and management aspects of the 2007 PPF policy.
Which keywords best characterize this work?
Key terms include smallholder tree growing, Hutan Tanaman Rakyat, land tenure, institutional capacity, sustainable forestry, and community engagement.
How does the PPF policy differ from previous models regarding institutional support?
Unlike previous top-down models, the PPF policy emphasizes the establishment of local institutions and specific service units (BP2H) aimed at providing financial and technical assistance directly to local communities.
What are the primary 'stumbling blocks' identified for the PPF policy?
The study identifies insecure land and crop tenure as well as overly complex licensing and marketing bureaucracy as major, unresolved obstacles that may hinder the effectiveness of the PPF policy.
- Citation du texte
- Omar Pidani (Auteur), Fitri Nurfatriani (Auteur), 2009, Can ‘People Plantation Forest’ policy stimulate independent community-based tree growing activities in Indonesia?, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/337000
