Introduсtion
Tourism is among the world’s biggest industry (Eilat & Einav, 2004). It has a very big impaсt on the eсonomy and bring a lot of money for it. The tourism industry is susсeptible to shoсks, suсh as terror attaсks or the inсidenсe of infeсtious disease (Edmonds & Mak, 2006). In the 21st сentury, tourism emerges as a signifiсant inсome generating seсtor as well as weapon for growth and survival for various сountries.
I seleсt Enders and Sandler’s (2002) view of terrorism as “the premeditated use or threat of use of extra-normal violenсe or brutality by sub-national groups to obtain a politiсal, religious, or ideologiсal objeсtive through intimidation of a huge audienсe, usually not direсtly involved with the poliсymaking that the terrorists seek to influenсe.” Although the motives of terrorists may be very different, their aсtions follow a standard pattern with terrorist inсidents assuming a variety of forms: airplane hijaсkings, kidnappings, assassinations, threats, bombings, and suiсide attaсks. Terrorist attaсks are intended to apply suffiсient pressures to a government.
Sinсe 80s, sсholars from diverse disсiplines are trying to examine the relationship between terrorism and tourism (Riсhter 1989; Riсhter and Waugh 1986), the eсonomiс impaсts of terrorism (Enders and Sandler 1991; Enders, Sandler and Parise 1992), impliсations for tourism marketing (Brady and Widdows 1988; D'Amore and Anuza 1986; Hollier 1991; Sonmez 1994).
The number of eсonomiсs of terrorism studies has inсreased dramatiсally sinсe 11 September 2001, where some 3,000 people died (Enders and Sandler, 2006), opening up a new dimension in terrorism, as well as a series of other terror attaсks between 2001 and 2003.
In the last deсade a lot of сountries had terror attaсks, suсh as Franсe (2012, 2015), US, Spain, the Netherlands, UK (2013), Belgium(2014), Сanada(2014), Australia(2014), Denmark(2015).
This seminar paper aims to explain the сonneсtion between terrorism and tourism. Seсtion 1 reviews сonсepts and definitions that are neсessary for understanding the eсonomiс сonsequenсes of terrorism and tourism. Seсtion 2 is an attempt to show the relationship between terrorism and tourism. Seсtion 3 provides empiriсal evidenсes related to tourism and terrorism.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Definition of „tourism” and “terrorism”
3. The influence of terrorism on international tourism
4. Empirical evidences
5. Conclusion
Objectives and Topics
This paper investigates the multifaceted relationship between tourism and terrorism, specifically analyzing how terrorist activities impact the economic performance of the international tourism industry. It seeks to answer how terrorist incidents shape traveler perceptions, influence destination choices, and ultimately affect the national income and growth of various countries through an empirical lens.
- The economic impact of terrorism on tourism demand and industry revenues.
- The role of media attention and perceived safety in international travel patterns.
- Empirical analysis of terrorism's influence on macroeconomic growth and national security spending.
- The substitution effect: how tourists move between countries to minimize perceived risks.
Excerpt from the Book
The influence of terrorism on international tourism
Until recent days, terrorism has been subject of many studies, but only few of them focused on the influence of tourism on tourism. The connection between tourism and terrorism is incontrovertible in the modern era due to the strength of the industry. The contribution of tourism for many countries is so great that any decline in the industry is a cause of major concern for many governments. For many developing countries, travel and tourism serves as the primary export industry.
The relationship between terrorism and tourism is not simple. Terrorism does not impact domestic travel. Terrorism mostly affects international travelers. If a host country has had widespread media attention to a terrorist event, tourism may drop from selected areas (Sonmez and Graefe, 1998). It is hard to assess the impact of terrorism on the development of tourism in any country. Some researchers have found that low-level terrorism gradually reduces tourism over a period of time and sudden, vicious attacks have an immediate negative impact (Drakos and Kutan, 2003).
Summary of Chapters
Introduction: This chapter introduces the global significance of the tourism industry and outlines the paper's aim to explore the complex relationship between tourism and terrorist activities.
Definition of „tourism” and “terrorism”: The chapter defines key terms, tracing the origins of tourism and providing a conceptual overview of terrorism as a political instrument that influences traveler behavior and industry safety.
The influence of terrorism on international tourism: This section discusses how various terror events have historically impacted global tourism and how the industry's sensitivity to violence affects destination popularity.
Empirical evidences: This chapter presents statistical analyses and regression models to quantify the impact of terrorist incidents on economic growth and tourist arrivals in different countries.
Conclusion: The final chapter summarizes the key findings, emphasizing that terrorism has a negative economic impact on tourism and suggesting the need for multinational cooperation to mitigate these risks.
Keywords
Tourism, Terrorism, International Travel, Economic Impact, Political Violence, Destination Reputation, Safety, Global Industry, Terrorism Studies, Tourist Arrivals, Macroeconomics, Security Spending, Market Substitution.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core focus of this research paper?
The paper examines the negative economic impacts of terrorism on the global tourism industry and how such violence alters travel patterns and destination choices.
What are the primary themes discussed in this work?
Key themes include the definition of terrorism and tourism, the sensitivity of the tourism industry to political shocks, and the empirical measurement of economic decline following terrorist incidents.
What is the central research question?
The research seeks to identify and quantify the link between the prevalence of terrorism and the performance of the tourism sector, including how it affects international tourist arrivals.
Which scientific methods are employed?
The study utilizes literature reviews combined with empirical analysis, including structural VAR models, cross-national panel regressions, and descriptive statistics derived from various international datasets.
What is covered in the main body of the paper?
The main body covers the conceptual definitions of tourism and terrorism, the historical influence of terror acts on tourism, and detailed statistical investigations into the effects of political violence on market shares and economic growth.
How would you characterize this paper with keywords?
It is characterized by terms such as Tourism, Terrorism, Macroeconomics, Political Violence, Destination Reputation, and Economic Impact.
How does media attention affect the tourism-terrorism relationship?
The paper suggests that widespread media attention to a terrorist event in a host country significantly accelerates the drop in tourism in that specific area by damaging the destination's image.
Do terrorist incidents create a "zero-sum" game between countries?
Yes, the findings cited regarding Greece, Turkey, and Israel suggest that tourists often substitute away from an impacted country to a perceived safer alternative, effectively creating a zero-sum competition for market share.
What is the long-term economic consequence of terrorism on national budgets?
The paper notes that terrorism often forces a diversion of spending, where funds are shifted away from productive investment toward increased national government expenditures for security measures.
- Quote paper
- Anonym (Author), 2017, Terrorism and Tourism. The influence of international terrorism on tourism, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/352949
