Social Media and Christian Evangelism. A Study of the Facebook Activities of Some Ghanaian Pastors and its Influence on Evangelism

Thèse de Master , 2017 , 69 Pages , Note: 4.00

Didactique - Théologie, Pédagogie de Religion

This study explores the use of social media for Christian evangelism with a focus on the Facebook activities of some Ghanaian pastors and the influence of these activities on evangelism. It looks at the impact of social media on evangelism.

In a world full of technology, electronic and print media have been used as tools to impact the kingdom of God. It has been common practice for a long time for some pastors to broadcast their live or recorded messages on radio and television stations.

Today, there is a new way of interaction, known as social media, that is used by some pastors in Ghana to share their messages. Some calls have been made by Christian leaders for the increased use of social media to propagate the Gospel.

Table of Contents

1 General Introduction

3

2 The Emergence of Facebook and its Potential Usage for Evangelism in Christianity

25

3 The Use of Facebook by Ghanaian Pastors

32

4 Discussing the Usage of Facebook by Ghanaian Pastors and its Influence on Evangelism

43

5 Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations

57

Bibliography

62

---

3

CHAPTERONE

GENERALI

NTRODUCTI

ON

1.

1Backgroundoft

heSt

udy

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eachedsi

ncet

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ot

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ngJamesVersi

on)

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ot

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ot

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i

r

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st

i

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ksofMart

i

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edt

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Ref

ormat

i

onagai

nstbur

densomepr

act

i

ceswhi

chbet

rayedt

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1

Just

i

nWi

se,"Soci

alMedi

aandChr

i

st

i

anMi

ni

st

r

y:Reachi

ngt

heWorl

df

ort

heKi

ngdomof

God,

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og

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uary21,2014,www.

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oday.

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et

zer/2014/

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-

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mi

ni

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ki

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ht

ml

/bmb=1,(

accessed

Mar

ch16,2015)

---

4

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herbel

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evedt

hatt

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om l

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neoft

heGospelwas,everyoneshoul

dhave

unfet

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oGod,f

orf

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venessbutmosti

mport

ant

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yfori

nt

i

mat

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personalrel

at

i

onshi

pwi

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hGod.Lut

her

,t

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ought

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hi

sday,t

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i

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ess,di

st

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i

but

edt

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Lut

herBi

bl

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oal

lGermans.

2

Today,

t

hrought

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ngpress,sever

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ansl

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eatCommi

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ect

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magazi

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el

evi

si

onhavebeenusedast

ool

st

oi

mpactt

he

ki

ngdom ofGod.

3

Peopl

el

i

keBi

l

l

yGraham,Kennet

hE.Hagan,Kat

hrynKuhl

man,

BennyHi

nn,ThomasDext

erJakes,Kennet

hCopel

and,Morri

sCerul

l

o,Juani

t

a

Bynum,andJoelOst

eenar

ecl

assi

f

i

edasAmer

i

can'

sl

eadi

ngt

el

evangel

i

st

swho

haveusedt

heradi

oandt

el

evi

si

ont

oi

mpar

tt

hegospeloft

heLordJesusi

n

Amer

i

caandt

heworl

d.

4

I

ti

sa common obser

vat

i

on t

hat

,Dr

.Mensah Ot

abi

l

,Archbi

shop Ni

chol

as

Duncan Wi

l

l

i

ams,Bi

shop Char

l

es Agyi

n Asare,t

he Church ofPent

ecost

,

Pr

esbyt

er

i

anChurchofGhana,t

heMet

hodi

stChurchofGhanaandt

heChri

st

Apost

ol

i

cChurchofGhanabr

oadcastt

hei

rl

i

veorrecordedmessagesevery

weekonr

adi

ost

at

i

onsuchasJoyF.

M.andt

el

evi

si

onst

at

i

onssuchasTV3and

GTV.

2

Just

i

nWi

se,

TheSoci

alchurch:ATheol

ogyofDi

gi

talCommuni

cati

on

(

Chi

cago:Moody

Publ

i

shers,2014)

,1­27,CDNParabl

e.

com/cont

ent

/pr

evi

ew/9780802487469.

pdf

,(

accessed

Apri

l17,2015)

3

Pet

er

Whi

t

eandCor

nel

i

us

J.

P.

Ni

emand,"Ghanai

anPent

ecost

alChurches'Mi

ssi

on

Appr

oaches,

"

JournalofPentecostalTheol

ogy

24,no.2(

2015)

:241-69.

4

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evangel

i

st

,

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,ht

t

p:

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r

anker

.

com/l

i

st

/f

amous-

t

el

evangel

i

st

s/al

by-

t

hompson?var=5&ut

mexpi

d=16418821157.

KzX0YuO8RXOC1yj

YBgr

_2A.

4&ut

m_r

ef

err

er=

ht

t

ps%3A%2F%2Fwww.

googl

e.

com.

gh%2F,(

accessedFebruar

y24,2015)

---

5

Therei

sanewwayofi

nt

er

act

i

onknownassoci

almedi

ausedbysomepast

ors

i

nGhana.Tel

evangel

i

st

ssuchasDuncan-

Wi

l

l

i

ams,MensaOt

abi

l

,Dag-

Heward

Mi

l

l

s,andChar

l

esAgyi

nAsarearepr

omi

nentGhanai

anpast

orswhousesoci

al

medi

a.

Somecal

l

shavebeenmadebyChr

i

st

i

anl

eadersfort

heuseofsoci

almedi

at

o

propagat

et

heGospel

.NanaKof

iAdj

eiI

mbeah,t

heWest

ernRegi

onalChai

r

man

ofScri

pt

ureUni

on,Ghana,onJune2

nd

2013encouragedChri

st

i

anst

ouse

soci

almedi

af

orevangel

i

sm si

ncei

thasbecomet

het

oolt

hroughwhi

cht

he

yout

harebei

ngl

edast

r

ay.

5

Thest

udyt

her

ef

oreexpl

oredt

heuseofsoci

almedi

af

orChri

st

i

anevangel

i

sm

wi

t

ht

hef

ocuson t

heFacebookact

i

vi

t

i

esofsomeGhanai

anpast

or

sandt

he

i

nf

l

uenceoft

heseact

i

vi

t

i

esonevangel

i

sm.

1.

2Probl

em St

at

ement

Chri

st

i

ani

t

yhasusedt

echnol

ogyt

oadvancei

t

scour

seovert

hecent

uri

es.

Just

i

nWi

seasser

t

st

hatMar

t

i

nLut

herusedt

hepri

nt

i

ngpresst

opri

ntBi

bl

est

o

ai

di

nspr

eadi

ngt

heGospelofJesusChr

i

st

.

6

I

nt

hewor

kofFr

ancesBenyahont

heuseoft

hemassmedi

aandi

t

si

nf

l

uences

onact

i

vi

t

i

esofchar

i

smat

i

cchurchesi

nGhana,heemphasi

sedt

hatt

hemass

medi

ahavei

nf

l

uencesonchar

i

smat

i

cchur

chesi

npar

t

i

cul

arandgeneral

l

yon

5

"Chri

st

i

ansshoul

dusesoci

almedi

a-

SU,

"GhanaNewsAgency,l

astmodi

fi

edonApri

l2,2013,

ht

t

p:

//www.

ghananewsagency.

or

g/soci

al

/chr

i

st

i

ans-

shoul

d-

use-

soci

al

-

medi

a-

su-

60632,

(

accessedJune15,2015)

6

Wi

se,

Thesoci

alchurch:

,

27

---

6

Chri

st

i

ani

t

yi

nGhanai

nt

heareaofevangel

i

sm amongot

hers.

7

Benyahagai

ni

n

hi

srecommendat

i

onsproposedt

hatst

udi

esi

nt

heareaofsoci

almedi

ai

san

emergi

ngoneandt

heref

or

eresear

chi

st

obecarri

edoutt

oascert

ai

nt

he

cont

r

i

but

i

onofsoci

almedi

ai

nr

espectofsoci

o-

t

echnol

ogi

caldevel

opment

.

8

However,SusanCodonerecommendedt

hatf

ut

ureresearchshoul

dconsi

der

howsoci

almedi

acanbeusedt

oservi

cet

hemi

ssi

onoft

hechurch.

9

Mor

eover

,oneoft

hegr

eat

estmi

ssi

onsoft

hechurchi

st

hemi

ssi

onofworl

d

evangel

i

zat

i

onandi

spopul

ar

l

yknownast

heGreatCommi

ssi

on.Ont

hatnot

e,

t

hi

sst

udyexpl

oredt

hepr

obl

em ofhow t

heuseofsoci

almedi

aespeci

al

l

y

Facebook by some Ghanai

an past

or

s i

nf

l

uences evangel

i

sm.Al

so,how

Facebookasacommuni

cat

i

ont

oolcanbeusedforevangel

i

st

i

cworkonsoci

al

medi

a.

1.

3ResearchQuest

i

ons

Agai

nstt

hi

sbackgr

ound,t

hef

ol

l

owi

ngr

esearchquest

i

onswer

esetfort

he

st

udy:

7

Fr

ancesBenyah,"TheUseofTheMassMedi

aByChari

smat

i

cChurchesi

nGhana:ACase

St

udyofPerezChapelI

nt

er

nat

i

onal

"(

MPi

lt

hesi

s.

,Uni

ver

si

t

yofGhana,Legon,2015)

,

5.

8

Benyah,"TheUseofTheMassMedi

aByChar

i

smat

i

cChurchesi

nGhana:

,

5

9

SusanCodone,"Megachur

chPast

orTwi

t

t

erAct

i

vi

t

y:AnAnal

ysi

sofRi

ckWarr

enandAndy

St

anl

ey,t

woofAmer

i

ca'

sSoci

alPast

or

s",

JournalofRel

i

gi

on,Medi

aandDi

gi

talCul

ture

3,no.2

(

August2014)1-

32,ht

t

p:

//j

r

mdc.

com/paper

s-

ar

chi

ve/vol

ume-

3-

i

ssue-

2-

august

-

2014/,

(

accessedFebr

uary15,2015)

---

7

Whoar

et

hefol

l

ower

sofGhanai

anpast

ors

10

onFacebook?

Whydopeopl

ef

ol

l

owpast

or

sonFcaebook?

HowusefulhasFacebookbeent

ot

hechurchesofGhanai

anpast

ors?

Whatar

et

het

hemesofFacebookpost

i

ngsofGhanai

anpast

ors?

How has Ghanai

an past

or

s'usage ofFacebook cont

ri

but

ed t

o

ful

fi

l

l

i

ngt

heGr

eatCommi

ssi

on?

How canFacebookusageserveasat

oolforevangel

i

st

i

cworkon

soci

almedi

a?

1.

4Ai

msandObj

ect

i

vesoft

heSt

udy

Fr

om t

heseresear

chquest

i

ons,t

her

esear

cherai

ms:

Tof

i

ndoutt

hef

ol

l

ower

sofGhanai

anpast

orsonFacebook.

Tof

i

ndoutt

her

easonpeopl

ef

ol

l

owpast

orsonFacebook.

Toexpl

or

ehow usefulFacebookhasbeent

ochurchesofGhanai

an

past

ors.

Toexpl

or

et

het

hemesofFacebookpost

i

ngsofGhanai

anpast

or

s?

10

Fol

l

owersofGhanai

anpast

orsonFacebook:

Thesear

eusersofFacebookwhohavel

i

kedorhavebeenaccept

edasFacebookf

ri

endsof

Ghanai

anpast

or

sonFacebook.TheseusersseewhateverpostorcommentaGhanai

anpast

or

makesonFacebook

---

8

Toest

abl

i

shhow t

heusageofFacebookbyGhanai

anpast

orshas

cont

ri

but

edi

nf

ul

f

i

l

l

i

ngt

heGr

eatCommi

ssi

on.

Toexpl

or

ehowFacebookusagecanserveasat

oolforevangel

i

st

i

c

wor

ki

nsoci

almedi

a.

1.

5ScopeandFocusoft

heSt

udy

Thi

sst

udywasdonewi

t

hi

nt

heper

i

odofMayt

oSept

ember2015.Thest

udy

focusedonsoci

almedi

ausi

ngFacebookasaparadi

gm t

ohel

pt

heresearcher

t

oascert

ai

nt

heusesofFacebookbyGhanai

anpast

orsandi

ti

nfl

uenceon

evangel

i

sm.

Thest

udyexpl

or

edhow Ghanai

anpast

or

suseFacebookandi

t

si

nfl

uenceon

evangel

i

sm.Ther

esear

chersoughtt

hevi

ewsofexpert

s(

consul

t

ant

s)onsoci

al

medi

a,l

ect

ur

ers wi

t

h r

esear

ch i

nt

er

esti

n soci

almedi

a and fol

l

owers of

Ghanai

anpast

or

swhopat

r

oni

seFacebookact

i

vi

t

i

esofGhanai

anpast

orssuch

asAr

chbi

shopPal

merBuckl

eoft

heRomanCat

hol

i

cChurch;Apost

l

eOpoku

Onyi

nah oft

he Chur

ch ofPent

ecost

;Apost

l

e St

ephen AmoaniofChri

st

Apost

ol

i

cChurchI

nt

er

nat

i

onal

;Rev.Fr

i

mpongMansooft

heAssembl

i

esofGod

Chur

ch,Ghana; Ar

chbi

shop Ni

col

as Duncan-

Wi

l

l

i

ams of Act

i

on Chapel

I

nt

er

nat

i

onal

;Bi

shopChar

l

esAgyi

nAsar

eofPer

ezChapelI

nt

ernat

i

onal

;Bi

shop

DagHeward-

Mi

l

l

sofLi

ght

houseChapelI

nt

er

nat

i

onalandPast

orMensaOt

abi

l

ofI

nt

ernat

i

onalCent

r

alGospelChur

ch.

---

9

1.

6Researchmet

hodol

ogy

Thest

udyempl

oyedqual

i

t

at

i

veappr

oacht

oresearch.Qual

i

t

at

i

veapproachor

met

hodi

s"bui

l

tonapostposi

t

i

vi

st

i

c,phenomenol

ogi

calworl

dvi

ew,whi

ch

assumest

hatreal

i

t

yi

ssoci

al

l

yconst

r

uct

edt

hr

oughi

ndi

vi

dualorcol

l

ect

i

ve

defi

ni

t

i

ons oft

he si

t

uat

i

on".

11

I

n qual

i

t

at

i

ve research,t

he emphasi

s i

s on

col

l

ect

i

ng dat

a t

hatl

ead t

o dependabl

e answers t

o i

mport

antquest

i

ons,

repor

t

edi

nsuffi

ci

entdet

ai

lt

hati

thasmeani

ngt

ot

hereader.

12

Accordi

ngt

o

Ansel

m L.St

r

aussandJul

i

etM.Cor

bi

n,qual

i

t

at

i

veapproachi

saresearch

approach whi

ch does notempl

oy st

at

i

st

i

calprocedures ormet

hods of

quant

i

fi

cat

i

onaspr

i

mar

yt

ool

susedi

nunder

st

andi

ngobj

ect

sofr

esearch.

13

Theresearcherusedaphenomenol

ogi

calappr

oachofresearchdesi

gn.Thomas

Gr

oenewal

d assert

s t

hat"att

he r

ootofphenomenol

ogy,i

s t

he i

nt

entt

o

under

st

andt

hephenomenai

nt

hei

rownt

er

ms.

"

14

Zi

nkerexpl

ai

nst

hatt

het

erm

"phenomenol

ogi

cali

mpl

i

es a pr

ocess,whi

ch emphasi

ses part

i

ci

pant

s own

11

Dougl

asE.Wel

ch,Mer

l

eD.St

r

ege,andJohnH.Auker

man,

Gui

detoGraduateTheol

ogi

cal

Research

,ed.Davi

dNei

dert

,JohnH.Auker

man,andJanetBrewer

,

(

AndersonUni

versi

t

ySchool

ofTheol

ogyWr

i

t

i

ngGui

de:

2010edi

ti

on

)

,10,ht

t

p:

//www.

anderson.edu/si

t

es/def

aul

t

/

f

i

l

es/mi

gr

at

e/sot

/r

esour

ces/sot

-

wr

i

t

i

ng-

gui

de.

pdf

,(

accessedApri

l2,2015)

12

Wel

ch,St

r

ege,andAuker

man,

Gui

detoGraduateTheol

ogi

calResearch,

10.

13

A.L.St

r

aussandJ.M.Corbi

n,

Basi

csofQual

i

tati

veResearch:Techni

quesandProceduresfor

Devel

opi

ngGroundedTheory

.2nded.

,(

Cal

i

f

or

ni

a:SagePubl

i

cat

i

ons,1998)

,10,ht

t

p:

//www.

st

i

bamal

ang.

com/upl

oadbank/pust

aka/RM/BASI

C%20OF%20QUALI

TATI

VE%20

RESEARCH.

pdf

,(

accessedJune29,2015)

14

ThomasGr

oenewal

d,"Aphenomenol

ogi

calResear

chDesi

gnI

l

l

ust

r

at

ed,

"

I

nternati

onalJournal

ofQual

i

tati

veMethods

3,no.4(

Apri

l2004)

:

8-

23,ht

t

ps:

//www.

ual

ber

t

a.

ca/~i

i

qm/

backi

ssues/3_1/pdf

/groenewal

d.

pdf

,(accessedApr

i

l9,2015)

---

10

uni

queexper

i

ences.

"

15

Gr

eeneandHol

l

owayassertt

hataresearcherusi

ng

phenomenol

ogyi

s"concer

nedwi

t

ht

hel

i

vedexperi

encesoft

hepeopl

ei

nvol

ved,

orwhowerei

nvol

ved,wi

t

ht

hei

ssuet

hati

sbei

ngr

esearched.

"

16

Theabove

schol

arl

y di

scoveri

es made on phenomenol

ogy made t

he researcheruse

phenomenol

ogi

calappr

oachsi

ncesoci

almedi

ai

sanew phenomenonunder

st

udy.I

nt

hecont

extofphenomenol

ogi

calapproach,t

heresearcheri

nt

ervi

ewed

t

went

y-

onepar

t

i

ci

pant

swhohavel

i

vedexper

i

encei

nregardst

osoci

almedi

ai

n

t

hei

rownways.Fi

veoft

hesearesoci

almedi

aexpert

s,t

hreearel

ect

urerswi

t

h

resear

chi

nt

er

esti

nsoci

almedi

aandt

hi

rt

eenarefol

l

owersofGhanai

anpast

ors

onFacebook.

Al

so,t

heresear

cherusedexpl

or

at

oryr

esearchdesi

gn.Accordi

ngt

oCat

heri

ne

Mar

shal

landGret

chenB.Rossman,expl

or

at

or

yr

esearchdesi

gni

susedwhena

r

esear

cherwant

s"t

oi

nvest

i

gat

el

i

t

t

l

e-

under

st

oodphenomena,t

oi

dent

i

fyor

di

scoveri

mpor

t

antcat

egor

i

es ofmeani

ng and t

o generat

e hypot

hesi

s for

f

ur

t

herr

esear

ch.

"

17

Ther

esear

cherusedexpl

or

at

oryresearchdesi

gnbecause

soci

almedi

ai

sanewar

eawi

t

hl

i

t

t

l

eknowl

edgeandespeci

al

l

yhowi

thasbeen

used as a t

ooli

n evangel

i

sm.The r

esear

cherexpl

ored soci

almedi

a and

di

scover

edt

hati

tcanbeusedasat

oolf

orevangel

i

sm,churchpl

ant

i

ngi

n

di

f

f

erentnat

i

ons,keepi

ngcont

actwi

t

hchur

chmembersi

ndi

fferentgeographi

c

l

ocat

i

ons.Fur

t

her

mor

e,t

he r

esear

cheri

dent

i

fi

ed t

hatf

urt

herresearch can

15

Gr

oenewal

d,"Aphenomenol

ogi

calr

esear

chdesi

gni

l

l

ust

rat

ed"8

16

Gr

oenewal

d,"Aphenomenol

ogi

calr

esear

chdesi

gni

l

l

ust

rat

ed"9

17

Cat

heri

neMar

shal

landGret

chenB.Rossman,

Desi

gni

ngQual

i

tati

veResearch,

3

rd

ed.

(

London:SagePubl

i

cat

i

ons,1999)

,33,

ht

t

p:

//dept

s.

washi

ngt

on.

edu/met

hods/r

eadi

ngs/com501_marshal

_t

he_what

_of

_st

udy.

pdf

,

(accessedApr

i

l9,2015)

---

11

consi

derot

hersoci

almedi

apl

at

f

ormsbesi

desFcaebookt

oaffi

rm someoft

he

fi

ndi

ngsmadei

nt

hi

sresear

ch.

1.

6.

1Met

hodsofDat

aCol

l

ect

i

on

The researcheradopt

ed t

he phenomenol

ogi

calapproach as a met

hod of

gat

heri

ngt

hedat

aneededf

ort

hework.GreeneandHol

l

owayassertt

hata

resear

cher usi

ng phenomenol

ogy shoul

d be concerned wi

t

h t

he l

i

ved

experi

encesoft

hepeopl

ei

nvol

ved,orwhower

ei

nvol

ved,wi

t

ht

hephenomenon

underst

udy.

18

Semi

-

st

ruct

uredi

nt

er

vi

ewgui

deswer

eusedbyt

heresearcheri

nordert

ohave

bot

h f

ormaland i

nf

ormalat

mospher

e t

o getdeep underst

andi

ng oft

he

phenomenonrel

evantt

ot

hi

sst

udy.

19

Ther

esear

cherusedasemi

-

st

r

uct

ur

edi

nt

er

vi

ewgui

det

oexpl

oret

hevi

ewsof

t

hei

nf

or

mant

sr

el

evantt

ot

hi

sst

udy.Ther

esearcherchosesemist

ruct

ured

i

nt

er

vi

ewgui

debecause,CohenandCr

abt

r

eeemphasi

set

hati

t"provi

desacl

ear

setofi

nst

ruct

i

ons f

ori

nt

er

vi

ewer

s and can provi

de r

el

i

abl

e,compar

abl

e

qual

i

t

at

i

vedat

a.

"

20

Semi

-

st

r

uct

uredi

nt

er

vi

ew gui

degi

vest

heresear

cherpri

or

knowl

edgeoft

heki

ndofquest

i

onst

hatar

er

el

evantt

ot

heresearchquest

i

ons

r

ai

sed i

n t

he st

udy and br

i

ngs a f

or

m i

nf

ormalrel

at

i

onshi

p bet

ween t

he

18

Gr

oenewal

d,"Aphenomenol

ogi

calr

esear

chdesi

gni

l

l

ust

rat

ed"9

19

"Qual

i

t

at

i

veResearchGui

del

i

nesPr

oj

ect

,

"Rober

tWoodJohnsonFoundat

i

on,l

astmodi

f

i

ed

Jul

y2006,ht

t

p:

//www.

qual

res.

or

g/HomeSemi

-

3629.

ht

ml(

accessedApr

i

l2,2015)

20

"Qual

i

t

at

i

veResearchGui

del

i

nesPr

oj

ect

,

"Rober

tWoodJohnsonFoundat

i

on,

---

12

resear

cherandt

hei

nf

ormant

sf

orf

ol

l

owupquest

i

onduri

ngt

hei

nt

ervi

ew.

21

1.

6.

1.

1

Parti

ci

pantsoftheResearch

Thepart

i

ci

pant

scompri

sedofsoci

almedi

aexpert

s,l

ect

urerswi

t

hresearch

i

nt

eresti

nsoci

almedi

af

rom t

heDepar

t

mentofCommuni

cat

i

onSt

udi

esat

Chri

st

i

anServi

ceUni

versi

t

yCol

l

ege(

CSUC)andGhanaI

nst

i

t

ut

eofJournal

i

sm

(

GI

J)

.Ot

herpart

i

ci

pant

sarefol

l

ower

sofGhanai

anpast

orsonFacebooki

n

AccraandKumasi

.

Thefol

l

owi

ngpar

t

i

ci

pant

swer

ei

nt

er

vi

ewed:Fi

ve(

5)soci

almedi

aexpert

s,t

hree

(

3)l

ect

urer

s wi

t

h r

esearch i

nt

eresti

n soci

almedi

a and t

hi

rt

een (

13)are

fol

l

owersofGhanai

anpast

orsonFacebook.Thet

ot

alnumberofpart

i

ci

pant

s

wast

went

y-

one(

21)

.

1.

6.

1.

2

Pri

marySources

Theresear

cherusedi

nt

er

vi

ewsi

ncol

l

ect

i

onofpri

mar

ydat

a.

1.

6.

1.

3

SecondarySources

Ther

esear

cherusedr

epor

t

s,books,t

heweb,andj

our

nal

si

ncol

l

ect

i

ng

secondar

ydat

a.

1.

6.

2 Sampl

e/Sampl

i

ngProcedureorTechni

que

I

nor

dert

oanswert

her

esearchquest

i

onsoft

hi

sst

udy,

Pur

posi

vesampl

i

ngwas

used.Wel

man and Kr

ugerasser

tt

hatpur

posi

ve sampl

i

ng i

s "t

he most

i

mpor

t

ant ki

nd of non-

pr

obabi

l

i

t

y sampl

i

ng, t

o i

dent

i

fy t

he pri

mar

y

21

"Qual

i

t

at

i

veResearchGui

del

i

nesPr

oj

ect

,

"Rober

tWoodJohnsonFoundat

i

on,

---

13

part

i

ci

pant

s.

"

22

Throughi

nt

er

netsearchandt

el

ephonescal

l

s,fi

ve(

5)soci

al

medi

aexpert

s,t

hr

ee(

3)l

ect

urer

swi

t

hr

esearchi

nt

eresti

nt

hear

eaofsoci

al

medi

a were i

nt

ervi

ewed.Thi

s i

s because t

hese part

i

ci

pant

s have i

n-

dept

h

knowl

edgeandi

nfor

mat

i

onont

heuseofsoci

almedi

a.

Fur

t

hermor

e,Snowbal

lsampl

i

ngt

echni

quewasempl

oyedbyt

heresearchert

o

expandt

henumberofpart

i

ci

pant

sori

nfor

mant

s.Grei

gandTayl

orexpl

ai

n

snowbal

l

i

ngasamet

hodusedi

not

hert

oexpandt

hesampl

ebyaski

ngone

i

nfor

mantorpart

i

ci

pantt

or

ecommendot

her

sfori

nt

ervi

ewi

ng.

23

Theresearcher

askedot

herpart

i

ci

pant

ssuchast

heexpert

si

nsoci

almedi

at

orecommend

ot

herpart

i

ci

pant

s(

fol

l

ower

sofGhanai

anpast

or

sonFacebook)rel

evantt

ot

he

st

udy.

Mar

i

aLuca

ar

guest

hatt

her

ei

snor

ul

east

ot

henumberofpart

i

ci

pant

sneeded

i

naqual

i

t

at

i

ver

esear

ch.However,sheasser

t

st

hatt

oachi

eveaqual

i

t

at

i

ve

met

hodofdesi

gnt

omeett

r

ust

wor

t

hi

ness,t

hi

ck,ri

chdat

a,aresearcherneeds

t

oi

nt

er

vi

ew atl

eastt

wel

vei

nt

er

vi

ewees,butmustensuret

hepart

i

ci

pant

sare

t

hehol

dersofknowl

edgei

nt

hear

eai

nt

endedfori

nvest

i

gat

i

on.

24

Therefore,

t

went

y-

onepar

t

i

ci

pant

swer

ei

nt

er

vi

ewedt

hr

oughf

ace-

t

o-

faceandt

el

ephone

i

nt

er

vi

ews.

1.

6.

3Dat

aAnal

ysi

s

22

Gr

oenewal

d,"Aphenomenol

ogi

calr

esear

chdesi

gni

l

l

ust

rat

ed"9

23

Gr

oenewal

d,"Aphenomenol

ogi

calr

esear

chdesi

gni

l

l

ust

rat

ed"10

24

"Qual

i

t

at

i

veResearchGui

del

i

nesPr

oj

ect

,

"Rober

tWoodJohnsonFoundat

i

on,

---

14

I

neval

uat

i

ngt

hedat

at

hatwasgat

her

edduri

ngfi

el

dwork,aqual

i

t

at

i

veanal

ysi

s

was empl

oyed.The researcherused t

he i

nduct

i

ve approach t

o qual

i

t

at

i

ve

anal

ysi

swhi

chi

nvol

ves"anal

ysi

ngdat

awi

t

hl

i

t

t

l

eornopredet

ermi

nedt

heory,

st

ruct

ureorframewor

kandusest

heact

ualdat

ai

t

sel

ft

oderi

vet

hest

ruct

ureof

anal

ysi

s.

"

25

Thi

sappr

oachi

smostsui

t

abl

ewherel

i

t

t

l

eornot

hi

ngi

sknown

aboutt

hest

udyphenomenon.

"

26

Ther

esear

cherusedi

nt

ervi

ewsast

hepri

mary

source ofdat

a col

l

ect

i

on.Bl

ess and Hi

gson-

Smi

t

h concl

udes t

hatwhen

i

nt

ervi

ews are t

he pri

mar

ysour

ce ofdat

a col

l

ect

i

on,i

nt

ervi

ewees are t

he

pri

maryuni

tforanal

ysi

s.

27

Each i

nt

er

vi

ew was recorded usi

ng cel

lphone audi

o recorderwi

t

h t

he

per

mi

ssi

onoft

hepar

t

i

ci

pant

sandwast

r

anscr

i

bedf

oranal

ysi

sbycont

rast

i

ng

anddr

awi

ngsi

mi

l

ar

i

t

i

eswi

t

ht

hehel

pofl

i

t

er

at

ure.Themesweredevel

opedi

n

accor

dancewi

t

ht

her

esear

chquest

i

onsi

nordert

oachi

eveeachresearch

obj

ect

i

ve.The t

ranscr

i

bed dat

a was anal

ysed bycont

rast

i

ng and drawi

ng

si

mi

l

ar

i

t

i

es i

n r

espectoft

he vi

ews oft

he part

i

ci

pant

s and f

i

ndi

ngs wer

e

di

scussedi

nr

el

at

i

ont

ol

i

t

er

at

ure.

Al

so,convent

i

onalcont

entanal

ysi

swasempl

oyed.Hsi

u-

FangHsi

ehandSarah

E.Shannonassertt

hatconvent

i

onalcont

entanal

ysi

sori

nduct

i

vecat

egory

devel

opmentori

nduct

i

vecont

entanal

ysi

si

sgeneral

l

yusedwi

t

hst

udi

est

hat

ai

m atdescr

i

bi

ngaphenomenon,whi

chi

susual

l

ysui

t

abl

ewhenexi

st

i

ngt

heory

25

P.Bur

nard,P.Gi

l

l

,K.St

ewar

t

,E.Treasur

e

andB.Chadwi

ck,

"

Anal

ysi

ngandPresent

i

ng

Qual

i

t

at

i

veDat

a"

Bri

ti

shDentalJournal

204,no.8(

Apr

i

l2008)

:429­32,ht

t

p:

//www.

nat

ur

e.

com/bdj

/j

our

nal

/v204/n8/pdf

/sj

.

bdj

.

2008.

292.

pdf

,(

accessedJune28,2015)

26

Bur

nar

d,Gi

l

l

,St

ewar

t

,Tr

easur

e

andChadwi

ck

"

Anal

ysi

ngandPresent

i

ngQual

i

t

at

i

veDat

a"429

27

Groenewal

d,"APhenomenol

ogi

calResear

chDesi

gnI

l

l

ust

r

at

ed"9

---

15

orresearch l

i

t

er

at

ur

eon t

hatphenomenon i

sl

i

mi

t

ed orunderdevel

oped.

28

Usual

l

y,t

hi

sappr

oacht

oanal

ysi

sdoesnotusepredet

ermi

nedorpreconcei

ved

cat

egori

esorst

ruct

urebuti

nst

eadal

l

owst

hecat

egori

esorst

ruct

ureofanal

ysi

s

t

oemergeoutoft

hedat

a.

29

Toprepareforr

eport

i

ng,t

hefi

ndi

ngs,foreachcode

ort

hemear

ei

dent

i

f

i

edf

rom t

hedat

a.Theresearchert

hencomparesand

cont

r

ast

shi

sorherf

i

ndi

ngst

ot

heor

yorl

i

t

erat

ure.

30

Thedi

scussi

onwoul

d

i

ncl

udeasummaryofhow t

hef

i

ndi

ngsfr

om hi

sorherst

udycont

ri

but

et

o

knowl

edgei

nt

hear

eaofi

nt

erestandsuggest

i

onsforpract

i

ce,t

eachi

ng,and

fut

ur

eresear

ch.

31

Ther

esear

cher

,st

udyi

ngt

heFacebookpost

i

ngsofsome

Ghanai

anpast

or

s,aswel

last

hevi

ewsofpart

i

ci

pant

sont

heFacebookcont

ent

oft

heseGhanai

anpast

ors,usedconvent

i

onalcont

entanal

ysi

st

oanal

yset

he

dat

a.

1.

7 Li

t

erat

ureRevi

ew

Thel

i

t

erat

urerevi

ew i

sdi

vi

dedi

nt

ot

woar

eas

l

i

t

erat

ureont

heconceptof

soci

almedi

a,andt

hel

i

t

er

at

ur

eonsoci

almedi

aandChri

st

i

anevangel

i

sm.

1.

7.

1TheConceptofSoci

alMedi

a

28

Hsi

u-

FangHsi

ehandSar

ahE.Shannon,"Thr

eeAppr

oachest

oQual

i

t

at

i

veCont

entAnal

ysi

s"

Qual

i

tati

veHeal

thResearch

15,no.9,(

November2005)

:1277-288.

29

Hsi

u-

FangHsi

ehandSar

ahE.Shannon,"Thr

eeAppr

oachest

oQual

i

t

at

i

veCont

entAnal

ysi

s,

"

1279

30

Hsi

u-

FangHsi

ehandSar

ahE.Shannon,"Thr

eeAppr

oachest

oQual

i

t

at

i

veCont

entAnal

ysi

s,

"

1279

31

Hsi

u-

FangHsi

ehandSar

ahE.Shannon,"Thr

eeAppr

oachest

oQual

i

t

at

i

veCont

ent

Anal

ysi

s,

"1279

---

16

Theemergenceofsoci

almedi

ahaschangedt

hef

aceofcommuni

cat

i

onal

lover

t

heworl

d.Theent

i

resoci

almedi

aconcepti

sbui

l

tonwhati

sknownas`

Web2.

0'

.

Accordi

ngt

oEf

t

hymi

osConst

ant

i

ni

des

andSt

efanJ

Fount

ai

n:

Web2.

0i

sacol

l

ect

i

onofopen-

source,i

nt

eract

i

veand

user-

cont

r

ol

l

ed onl

i

ne appl

i

cat

i

ons expandi

ng t

he

exper

i

ences,knowl

edgeandmarketpoweroft

heusersas

par

t

i

ci

pant

si

nbusi

nessandsoci

alprocesses.Web2.

0

appl

i

cat

i

ons suppor

t t

he cr

eat

i

on of i

nformalusers'

net

wor

ksf

aci

l

i

t

at

i

ngt

hef

l

ow ofi

deasandknowl

edgeby

al

l

owi

ngt

heef

fi

ci

entgener

at

i

on,di

ssemi

nat

i

on,shari

ng

andedi

t

i

ngofi

nformat

i

onalcont

ent

.

32

BeforeWeb2.

0ar

ri

ved,communi

cat

i

ont

hr

ought

hei

nt

ernetexi

st

edt

hrough

whati

sknownas`

Web1.

0'

.Web1.

0i

st

heseasoni

nt

hel

i

feoft

hei

nt

ernet

wherewebsi

t

eswerecreat

edandt

heusercoul

donl

yreadwhati

swri

t

t

enbutno

i

nt

er

act

i

on t

ookpl

ace.Lat

er

,emai

laccount

s were added as a feat

ure t

o

websi

t

est

oenabl

et

wo-

waycommuni

cat

i

onbutcoul

donl

ybedonebet

ween

t

wopeopl

eorent

i

t

i

esatat

i

me.Thent

hedevel

opmentof`

Web2.

0'shi

ft

ed

communi

cat

i

onont

hei

nt

er

nett

oal

l

owuser

st

heabi

l

i

t

yt

osendpi

ct

ures,vi

deos,

andot

hercont

entt

oasmanypeopl

eatonceandt

hi

si

swhati

sal

soknownas

soci

almedi

a.

33

Meredi

t

hGoul

ddef

i

nesoci

almedi

aas"web-

basedt

ool

sfori

nt

eract

i

on,whi

ch

i

naddi

t

i

ont

oconver

sat

i

on,al

l

owuser

st

oshar

econt

entsuchasphot

os,vi

deos,

32

Ef

t

hymi

osConst

ant

i

ni

desandSt

efanJ.Fount

ai

n"Web2.

0:Concept

ualFoundat

i

onsand

Mar

ket

i

ngI

ssues"

JournalofDi

rect,DataandDi

gi

talMarketi

ngPracti

ce

9,no.3(

Oct

ober2007)

:

231­44,ht

t

p:

//www.

pal

grave-

j

our

nal

s.

com/dddmp/j

our

nal

/v9/n3/pdf

/4350098a.

pdf

,

(

accessedJune27,2015)

33

Ef

t

hymi

osConst

ant

i

ni

desandSt

efanJ.Fount

ai

n"Web2.

0:Concept

ualFoundat

i

onsand

Mar

ket

i

ngI

ssues"232

---

17

andl

i

nkt

oresour

ces.

"

34

JasonCast

on,ani

nt

ernetchurchexpert

,pl

acest

he

defi

ni

t

i

onofsoci

almedi

ai

nmi

ni

st

r

ycont

extas"soci

almedi

ami

ni

st

ryi

ssi

mpl

e

i

nt

eract

i

oncommuni

cat

i

onr

eachi

ngt

hemasses,whi

chi

sanot

herpartoft

he

GreatCommi

ssi

on.

"

35

Davi

d Hansen,a chur

ch medi

a bl

ogger,says "

Soci

almedi

a i

s bot

h a

st

et

hoscope,magni

fyi

ng yourabi

l

i

t

y t

o l

i

st

en t

o yourcongregat

i

on and

communi

t

y,andamegaphone,magni

f

yi

ngyourabi

l

i

t

yt

oprocl

ai

m God'

sword

t

oyourcommuni

t

y.

"

36

Hansenemphasi

sest

hatsoci

almedi

ai

sat

oolt

he

churchcanuset

oknow andhearwhatt

hei

rcongregat

i

onsaresayi

ngi

nt

he

form offeedbacksandfurt

herbeat

oolf

orcommuni

cat

i

ngt

hewordofGod.

37

Andr

easKapl

anandMi

chaelHaenl

ei

n,i

nt

hei

rwordsst

at

et

hatsoci

almedi

ai

s

"

a gr

oup ofI

nt

er

net

-

based appl

i

cat

i

ons t

hatbui

l

d on t

he i

deol

ogi

caland

t

echnol

ogi

calfoundat

i

onsofWeb2.

0t

hatal

l

owst

hecreat

i

onandexchangeof

user

-

gener

at

edcont

ent

.

"

38

"Soci

almedi

ai

smedi

aforsoci

ali

nt

eract

i

onasa

super

setbeyondsoci

alcommuni

cat

i

on.

"

39

Tri

shaDower

ahBar

uahasser

t

st

hatsoci

almedi

at

akesonmanydi

fferentforms

34

St

evenl

.Wal

dschmi

dt"TheUseofFacebooki

nCongr

egat

i

onalEvangel

i

sm:APr

act

i

calPl

an"

(

Mast

erofDi

vi

ni

t

ydi

ss.

,

Wi

sconsi

nLut

heranSemi

nar

y,2014)

,6-

41.

ht

t

ps:

//www.

googl

e.

com.

gh/

ur

l

?sa=t

&r

ct

j

ur

l&esr

c=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=r

j

a&uact

=8&ved=0CB0QFj

AA&url

,(

accessed

June26,2015)

35

Wal

dschmi

dt"TheUseofFacebooki

nCongr

egat

i

onalEvangel

i

sm,

"6.

36

Wal

dschmi

dt"TheUseofFacebooki

nCongr

egat

i

onalEvangel

i

sm,

"6.

37

Wal

dschmi

dt"TheUseofFacebooki

nCongr

egat

i

onalEvangel

i

sm,

"6.

38

Tr

i

shaDowerahBaruah,"Eff

ect

i

venessofSoci

alMedi

aasat

oolofcommuni

cat

i

onandi

t

s

pot

ent

i

alf

ort

echnol

ogyenabl

edconnect

i

ons:Ami

cr

o-

l

evelst

udy,

"

I

nternati

onalJournalof

Sci

enti

fi

candResearchPubl

i

cati

ons

2,no.5,(

May2012)

:2-

3,ht

t

p:

//www.

i

j

srp.

or

g/resear

ch

_paper

_may2012/i

j

srp-

may-

2012-

24.

pdf

,(

accessedJune,15,2015)

39

Bar

uah,"Ef

f

ect

i

venessofSoci

alMedi

a,

"2.

---

18

suchas"magazi

nes,i

nt

er

netf

or

ums,webl

ogs,soci

albl

ogs,mi

crobl

oggi

ng,

wi

ki

s, podcast

s, phot

ographs or pi

ct

ures, vi

deo, rat

i

ng and soci

al

bookmar

ki

ng.

"

40

However,t

her

ear

esi

xt

ypesofsoci

almedi

apl

at

forms.These

ar

esoci

alnet

worki

ngsi

t

es,bookmaki

ngsi

t

es,soci

alnewssi

t

es,medi

ashari

ng

si

t

es,mi

crobl

oggi

ngandbl

ogcomment

sandf

orumssi

t

es.

41

Soci

alnet

worki

ngsi

t

esar

et

hesoci

almedi

asi

t

est

hatal

l

owuserst

oconnect

andsharewi

t

hpeopl

eoft

hesamei

nt

erest

s.Exampl

esareFacebook,Googl

e

pl

usandTwi

t

t

er

.Al

so,bookmarki

ngsi

t

es"al

l

ow userst

osaveandorgani

ze

l

i

nkst

oanynumberofonl

i

ner

esour

cesandwebsi

t

es.Akeyfeat

ureoft

hese

servi

cesi

st

heabi

l

i

t

yfort

heusert

o"t

ag"l

i

nks,whi

chmaket

hem easi

ert

o

search"

42

and share f

ol

l

ower

s. An exampl

e i

s St

umbl

eUpon pl

at

form.

Fur

t

her

mor

e,soci

alnewssi

t

esper

mi

tuser

st

opostnewsandnewsl

i

nkst

o

out

si

dear

t

i

cl

es."Userst

henvot

eonsai

di

t

ems,andt

hei

t

emswi

t

ht

hehi

ghest

numberofvot

esar

emostpr

omi

nent

l

ydi

spl

ayed.

"

43

Oneexampl

ei

sReddi

t

.

44

Medi

ashar

i

ngsi

t

es"al

l

ow user

st

oshar

edi

fferentt

ypesofmedi

a,suchas

pi

ct

ur

esandvi

deo.Mostoft

hesesi

t

esal

soof

f

ersoci

alfeat

ures,l

i

ket

heabi

l

i

t

y

t

ocr

eat

eprof

i

l

esandt

heopt

i

onofcomment

i

ngonupl

oadedi

mages.

"

45

An

exampl

ei

sYouTube

46

Mi

cr

obl

oggi

ng"al

l

owsuserst

osubmi

tshortwri

t

t

en

40

Bar

uah,"Ef

f

ect

i

venessofSoci

alMedi

a,

"2.

41

"

Thesi

xt

ypesofsoci

almedi

a,

"Seopr

essor5,ht

t

p:

//seopressor.

com/soci

al

-

medi

amar

ket

i

ng/t

ypes-

of

-

soci

al

-

medi

a/,(

accessedJune,15,2015)

.

42

HalAust

i

n,"Thesi

xt

ypesofsoci

almedi

a,

"

Seopressor5

,ht

t

p:

//seopressor.

com/soci

al

-

medi

a

mar

ket

i

ng/t

ypes-

of

-

soci

al

-

medi

a/,(

accessedJune,15,2015)

.

43

Aust

i

n,"Thesi

xt

ypesofsoci

almedi

a,

"

44

Aust

i

n,"Thesi

xt

ypesofsoci

almedi

a,

"

45

Aust

i

n,"Thesi

xt

ypesofsoci

almedi

a,

"

46

Aust

i

n,"Thesi

xt

ypesofsoci

almedi

a,

"

---

19

ent

r

i

es,whi

chcani

ncl

udel

i

nkst

opr

oductandservi

cesi

t

es,aswel

lasl

i

nkst

o

ot

hersoci

almedi

asi

t

es.

"UseofTwi

t

t

eri

sanexampl

e.

Bl

og comment

s and for

ums ar

e si

t

es t

hat"al

l

ow users t

o engage i

n

conversat

i

ons by post

i

ng and r

espondi

ng t

o communi

t

y messages.

47

An

exampl

ei

sBl

ogger.

48

Ant

honyMayfi

el

dar

guest

hatt

her

ear

ef

i

vef

undament

alcharact

eri

st

i

cst

hatal

l

soci

al medi

a pl

at

f

orms have i

n common. They are part

i

ci

pat

i

on,

conversat

i

onal

i

t

y,connect

edness,communi

t

yandopenness.

49

Mayfi

el

dexpl

ai

nst

hatpar

t

i

ci

pat

i

oni

st

hear

chi

t

ectofbri

ngi

ngoutt

hei

nt

erest

ofsendersandrecei

versonsoci

almedi

awhi

chpr

omot

ei

nt

eract

i

onamong

user

s.

50

ShawnDr

ur

yar

guedt

hat"soci

almedi

aal

l

ow peopl

et

oshareand

engagewi

t

heachot

hersot

hatt

heyenabl

econt

entshar

edt

obecomemore

democr

at

i

zed t

han ever bef

or

e" and t

hat i

s known as part

i

ci

pat

i

on.

51

Conver

sat

i

onal

i

t

ywhi

chcomesf

rom t

hewor

d`

conversat

i

on'i

nsoci

almedi

a

al

l

owsat

wo-

waycommuni

cat

i

on,unl

i

ket

het

r

adi

t

i

onalmedi

al

i

kenewspapers

whi

chusual

l

yi

saone-

waycommuni

cat

i

on.

52

Connect

edness i

s def

i

ned bySyl

vi

a M.Chan-

Ol

mst

ed,Moonhee Cho,and

47

Aust

i

n,"Thesi

xt

ypesofsoci

almedi

a,

"

48

Aust

i

n,"Thesi

xt

ypesofsoci

almedi

a,

"

49

Syl

vi

aM.Chan-

Ol

mst

ed,MoonheeCho,andSangwonLee,"UserPer

cept

i

onsofSoci

alMedi

a:

ACompar

at

i

veSt

udyofPercei

vedCharact

er

i

st

i

csandUserProfi

l

esbySoci

alMedi

a"

Onl

i

ne

JournalofCommuni

cati

onandMedi

aTechnol

ogi

es

3,no.

4(

Oct

ober­2013)

:154-55,

ht

t

p:

//www.

oj

cmt

.

net

/ar

t

i

cl

es/34/349.

pdf

,(

accessedJune15,2015)

50

Chan-

Ol

mst

ed,ChoandLee,"UserPercept

i

onsofSoci

alMedi

a,

"154.

51

Chan-

Ol

mst

ed,ChoandLee,"UserPercept

i

onsofSoci

alMedi

a,

"154.

52

Chan-

Ol

mst

ed,ChoandLee,"UserPercept

i

onsofSoci

alMedi

a,

"154.

---

20

SangwonLeeast

he"i

nt

er

per

sonal

,communi

t

yandgeneralsoci

alt

i

es,

"

53

whi

ch

exi

stamongusersofsoci

almedi

a.How wel

loneget

sconnect

edonsoci

al

medi

ai

sdependentont

het

echnol

ogi

calknowhow oft

heuserandi

ndi

vi

dual

behavi

oralpat

t

ern(

i

.

e.whet

hersoci

abl

eornotsoci

abl

e)

.

54

Mayfi

el

d descr

i

pt

i

on of communi

t

y on soci

almedi

a i

s i

n respect of

organi

zat

i

onsandgroupswhi

char

eeasi

l

yandoffi

ci

al

l

ycreat

edonsoci

al

medi

a pl

at

for

ms.Creat

i

on ofor

gani

zat

i

onalpl

at

forms on soci

almedi

a i

s

di

st

i

nctfrom t

he`

physi

cal

'wor

l

d.Hesaysi

ti

seasi

ert

ocreat

egroupsor

organi

zat

i

onsonsoci

almedi

apl

at

f

or

ms.

55

Fi

nal

l

y,opennessi

showf

l

exi

bl

ei

ndi

vi

dualpr

ofi

l

e,phot

osandmessagescanbe

shar

edbet

weenandamongusers(

oft

hesamei

nt

erestornot

)onsoci

almedi

a.

Soci

almedi

aopennessal

l

owsever

ybodycl

oseandf

art

oj

oi

nandcomment

f

r

eel

yoni

ssueswhet

herper

sonal

l

yr

el

at

edornotrel

at

ed.

56

Li

keever

yot

herphenomenon,soci

almedi

aof

f

ersomebenef

i

t

sanddrawbacks.

AngelTesorer

oasser

t

st

hatsoci

almedi

aof

f

ert

hefol

l

owi

ngbenefi

t

s:Agood

t

oolt

ouset

opubl

i

ci

sewor

k,gr

oupsar

eeasi

l

yformed,foraareorgani

zedt

o

shar

ei

deasfr

om var

i

ouspar

t

sofdi

f

f

er

entcount

ri

es,peopl

esharet

hei

rdeep

t

hought

sandpar

t

i

ci

pat

emor

eeasi

l

yt

hanf

acet

ofacecommuni

cat

i

on.I

tcost

s

ver

yl

i

t

t

l

emoneyt

o setup onl

i

ne,demogr

aphi

ci

nformat

i

on can beeasi

l

y

ascer

t

ai

ned,br

eakdownofbar

r

i

er

sf

orpeopl

ewhowantt

ost

ayi

nt

ouchare

53

Chan-

Ol

mst

ed,ChoandLee,"UserPercept

i

onsofSoci

alMedi

a,

"155.

54

Chan-

Ol

mst

ed,ChoandLee,"UserPer

cept

i

onsofSoci

alMedi

a,

"155.

55

Chan-

Ol

mst

ed,ChoandLee,"UserPer

cept

i

onsofSoci

alMedi

a,

"155.

56

Chan-

Ol

mst

ed,ChoandLee,"UserPer

cept

i

onsofSoci

alMedi

a,

"156.

---

21

achi

evedandveri

t

i

esofpeopl

ewi

t

hdi

f

f

er

entcul

t

uresmeett

osoci

al

i

zeand

l

earnfrom eachot

her.

57

Tesoreroemphasi

set

hedr

awbacksofsoci

almedi

aas:t

heri

skofi

dent

i

t

yt

heft

andf

raud,messagehul

ki

ngformi

sr

epresent

at

i

on,userdrop-

outmaynotbe

easi

l

y i

dent

i

f

i

ed,

58

and non verbalcues oract

i

ons cannotbe st

udi

ed i

n

communi

cat

i

on.

From Tesorer

osoci

almedi

ahaveamorebenefi

t

st

handrawbacksi

ni

t

suses.

Thereforeonecanasser

tt

hatsoci

almedi

apl

at

f

ormsgi

veopport

uni

t

yforsoci

al

net

worki

ngforchur

ches,past

ors,busi

nessorgani

zat

i

on,andeducat

i

oni

stt

o

bui

l

dabrandt

hatcanpromot

et

hei

robj

ect

i

ves.

1.

7.

2Soci

alMedi

aandChri

st

i

anEvangel

i

sm.

Just

i

nWi

sedi

scussest

hehi

st

or

i

calcont

r

i

but

i

onofmedi

at

ot

hereformat

i

onof

t

he Prot

est

antchur

ches l

ed byMar

t

i

n Lut

her.Wi

se i

ndi

cat

ed t

hat

,Lut

her

t

r

ansl

at

ed t

he "Lut

her

"Bi

bl

e and senti

tt

hrough t

he cut

t

i

ng edge soci

al

t

echnol

ogyofhi

sday:t

hepr

i

nt

i

ngpr

ess,maki

ngLut

herdecl

ar

et

hepri

nt

i

ng

pr

essas"hi

ghestactofGod'

sgr

ace".Wi

sesai

d,t

hechurchi

nt

hedi

gi

t

alage

57

AngelTesorero,ed.HyaGat

dul

a,"Char

act

er

i

st

i

csofSoci

alMedi

a,

"

Homeservi

ce:the

busi

nesssoci

alresourceyouneedtouseatworkBl

og,

May13,201311:

19AM,ht

t

p:

//home

of

ser

vi

ce.

com/bl

ogs/21/t

he-

char

act

er

i

st

i

cs-

of

-

soci

al

-

medi

a/#.

Vj

DXJ-

z6151,

(

accessedonJune

27,2015)

58

AngelTesorero,"Charact

er

i

st

i

csofSoci

alMedi

a"

---

22

necessari

l

yr

equi

r

espeopl

eregar

dedasheret

i

csasMart

i

nLut

her,whowoul

d

havei

nt

hi

sageusedt

heent

i

r

esoci

almedi

amedi

um t

ospreadt

heGospelof

JesusChr

i

st

.

59

KwabenaJ.Asamoah-

Gyadudi

scusses,"Getont

heI

nt

ernet

!

"Sayst

heLORD:

Rel

i

gi

on,Cyber

spaceandChr

i

st

i

ani

t

yi

nCont

emporaryAfri

ca.

"Heconcl

udes

t

hat"wehaveseent

hatt

heuseoft

heI

nt

ernetasat

oolforevangel

i

sm coul

d

offerpeopl

et

heopport

uni

t

yt

obebor

nagai

nwi

t

houtbei

ngphysi

cal

l

ypresentat

t

hel

ocat

i

onofar

el

i

gi

ousser

vi

ce.

"Heasser

t

st

hat

,t

el

evangel

i

st

si

nAfri

cause

t

hemedi

ai

nl

eadi

ngpeopl

et

oChr

i

stbyaski

ngunbel

i

everst

osi

mpl

ysayt

he

si

nner'

sprayerandj

oi

ni

ngaBi

bl

e-

bel

i

evi

ngchurchfordi

rect

i

onandcounsel

.

Hesayst

hedawnoft

hei

nt

er

nethasmadet

hi

sform ofevangel

i

sm possi

bl

e.

"On t

heweb pagesofal

lt

hePent

ecost

al

/chari

smat

i

cchurchest

herear

e

summari

sedmessagesofwhati

tmeanst

or

ecei

veChri

st

,howt

odoi

tandt

hen

asi

nner

'

sprayert

or

epeat

.

"Al

so,"TheI

nt

er

nethasal

sobeent

urnedi

nt

oa

vi

r

t

uall

ocat

i

onf

orheal

i

ngandevangel

i

sm crusadest

hroughwhi

chpeopl

e

coul

dcomet

oChr

i

stt

hroughComput

erMedi

at

edCommuni

cat

i

on.

"

60

"TheSoci

alMedi

aGospel

:Shar

i

ngt

heGoodNewsi

nNew Ways,

"abook

wr

i

t

t

enbyMer

edi

t

hGoul

d.AmyAnder

sonwhor

evi

ewedt

hebooki

ndi

cat

est

hat

,

t

ousesoci

almedi

a,Goul

dr

ecommendsi

tasasetoft

ool

st

hatcanbea

st

et

hoscope (

t

o magni

f

y t

he abi

l

i

t

y t

o l

i

st

en t

o a congregat

i

on)and a

59

Wi

se,

TheSoci

alchurch:

,26-

27

60

KwabenaJ.Asamoah-

Gyadu,"Getont

heI

nt

er

net

!

"Sayst

heLORD:Rel

i

gi

on,Cyber

spaceand

Chri

st

i

ani

t

yi

nCont

emporaryAf

r

i

ca,

"

Studi

esi

nWorl

dChri

sti

ani

ty

13,no.3(

December2007)

:

225-

242.(

accessedApr

i

l17,2015)

---

23

megaphone(

t

omagni

fyt

heabi

l

i

t

yt

opr

ocl

ai

m God'

sword)

.Goul

dpresent

sa

comprehensi

veworkt

hatpr

omi

sest

oser

veasamast

erpl

anforanychurchor

rel

i

gi

ousorgani

zat

i

on wi

shi

ng t

o usesoci

almedi

a.Whi

l

eGoul

d doesnot

speci

fyexact

l

ywhatshoul

dbecont

ai

nedi

nsoci

almedi

apost

s,shedoesoffer

gui

del

i

nesfort

het

ypi

calki

ndsofcont

entcommuni

cat

edbychurchesandhow

t

hatcont

entcanbeeff

i

ci

ent

l

ybroadcastandmanagedusi

ngsoci

almedi

a.

61

"Mega-

ChurchPast

orTwi

t

t

erAct

i

vi

t

y:AnAnal

ysi

sofRi

ckWarrenandAndy

St

anl

ey,t

woofAmer

i

ca'

sSoci

alPast

ors,

"wasanal

yzedbySusanCodone.Her

anal

ysesoft

heTwi

t

t

eract

i

vi

t

yoft

het

wopast

orssuggest

ednewcat

egori

esor

waysformi

ni

st

r

yl

eader

s,whousesoci

almedi

a.Codone,i

ndi

cat

est

hat

,bot

h

men seen t

o use Twi

t

t

erpr

i

mar

i

l

y f

ormi

ni

st

ry promot

i

on and random

comment

s.Shesayst

hat

,t

hecombi

nedTwi

t

t

eract

i

vi

t

yofbot

hpast

orsare

dr

amat

i

cal

l

yr

ecastasencour

agement

,t

eachi

ngandmarket

i

ngmi

ni

st

rywhi

ch

f

al

l

smorecl

osel

yi

nl

i

newi

t

ht

hei

rst

at

edr

ol

esasevangel

i

call

eaderofmega-

chur

chesi

nt

heUni

t

edSt

at

es.

62

DannyHi

ndman,i

nr

evi

ewi

ngofEl

i

zabet

hDr

escher'

sbook,"TweetI

fYou[

Heart

]

Jesus:Pract

i

ci

ngChur

chi

nt

heDi

gi

t

alReformat

i

on

.

"assert

st

hatDrescher,

wr

i

t

esf

r

om amai

nl

i

nechur

chper

spect

i

veandconcl

udedt

hatt

hechanges

accompanyi

ngi

ncreaseduseofsoci

almedi

ar

epr

esentaradi

caldepar

t

ur

efrom

61

AmyAnder

son,"Revi

ewofTheSoci

alMedi

aGospel

:Shari

ngt

heGoodNewsi

nNew

Ways.

"Mer

edi

t

hGoul

d,

JournalofRel

i

gi

on,Medi

aandDi

gi

talCul

ture

3,no.

3(

Apr

i

l2014)

:1-

5.

(

accessedFebr

uary15,2015)

62

SusanCodone,"Megachur

chPast

orTwi

t

t

erAct

i

vi

t

y:AnAnal

ysi

sofRi

ckWarrenandAndy

St

anl

ey,t

woofAmer

i

ca'

sSoci

alPast

or

s",

JournalofRel

i

gi

on,Medi

aandDi

gi

talCul

ture

3,no.2

(

August2014)1-

32,ht

t

p:

//j

r

mdc.

com/paper

s-

ar

chi

ve/vol

ume-

3-

i

ssue-

2-

august

-

2014/,

(

accessedFebr

uary15,2015)

---

24

whathasgonebef

or

el

i

ket

hedaysoft

herefor

mat

i

on.Thesechangesmarkt

he

earl

yst

agesofaref

ormat

i

onoft

heChur

chforwhi

chshecal

l

sa`

di

gi

t

al

reformat

i

on

'

.

Al

t

hought

hemai

nl

i

nechur

cheswereneverabl

et

ot

akeadvant

age

oft

hepowerofbroadcast

i

ng,asevangel

i

calpreachersdi

d,Drescherbel

i

eves

t

hat

,soci

almedi

ahol

dmuchpr

omi

sef

ormai

nl

i

nechurches.

63

1.

8Si

gni

fi

canceoft

heSt

udy

Thet

radi

t

i

onalmedi

al

i

ker

adi

oandt

el

evi

si

onovert

heyearshavebeenusedby

t

el

evangel

i

st

si

npreachi

ngt

heGospel

.Atpr

esent

,acommonobservat

i

oni

st

he

useofsoci

almedi

abysomepast

or

sandt

el

evangel

i

st

s.Thest

udyai

msat

cont

r

i

but

i

ngt

ot

heknowl

edgeonhowsoci

almedi

acanbeusedforevangel

i

sm

andi

mpor

t

ant

l

yt

her

ol

esoci

almedi

acanpl

ayi

nf

ul

fi

l

l

i

ngt

heGr

eatCommi

ssi

on.

Al

so,t

hest

udydevel

opedapl

anorgui

del

i

nef

orhel

pi

ngpast

orsoronl

i

ne

evangel

i

st

st

oai

di

nsoci

almedi

aevangel

i

sm.Fi

nal

l

y,t

hest

udywi

l

lserveasa

r

esourcemat

er

i

alf

orf

urt

herr

esear

chonsoci

almedi

aandChri

st

i

anevangel

i

sm

i

nt

heGhanacont

extandt

hewor

l

datl

ar

ge.

1.

9Organi

zat

i

onsofChapt

ers

Thi

swor

kwasdi

vi

dedi

nt

of

i

vechapt

er

s.

63

DannyHi

ndman,r

evi

ewofTweetI

fYouHear

tJesus:Pr

act

i

ci

ngChur

chi

nt

heDi

gi

t

al

Reformat

i

on,El

i

sabet

hDr

escher

,

SecoundNatureJournalRevi

ew

(

June2014)

:190,

secondnat

ur

ej

ournal

.

com/El

i

zabet

h-

dr

escher

s-

t

weet

-

i

f-

you-

heart

-

Jesus-

a-

r

evi

ew/,(

accessed

Mar

ch1,2015)

---

25

Chapt

eroneconsi

st

sofbackgr

ound of t

hest

udy,st

at

ementofpr

obl

em,

resear

chquest

i

ons,ai

msandobj

ect

i

vesoft

hest

udy,met

hodol

ogy,l

i

t

erat

ure

revi

ew,si

gni

fi

canceofst

udyandor

gani

zat

i

onofchapt

ers.

Chapt

ert

woconsi

deredt

heemergenceofFacebookandi

t

sfeat

ures,t

heusage

ofFacebookandi

t

spot

ent

i

alforevangel

i

smandt

heuseofFacebooki

nGhana.

Chapt

ert

hreel

ookedatt

heuseofFacebookbyGhanai

anpast

orsi

nChri

st

i

ani

t

y.

Past

ors and Facebooki

n t

he Ghanai

an cont

extas wel

las t

he Facebook

act

i

vi

t

i

esofGhanai

anpast

orswasexami

ned.

Chapt

erf

ourf

ocusedont

heanal

ysi

sofdat

acol

l

ect

edandt

hecont

ri

but

i

ons

t

hatsoci

almedi

ahavemadet

oevangel

i

sm andt

heKi

ngdom ofGodatl

arge.

Chapt

erfi

ve di

scussed t

he summar

y off

i

ndi

ngs,generalconcl

usi

on and

r

ecommendat

i

onst

ot

hewor

k.

CHAPTERTWO

THEEMERGENCEOFFACEBOOKANDI

TSPOTENTI

ALUSAGEFOR

EVAGELI

SM I

NCHRI

STI

ANI

TY

2.

1I

nt

roduct

i

on

I

nchapt

erone,soci

almedi

awasexami

nedconsi

deri

ngwhati

ti

s,t

het

ypes,

char

act

er

i

st

i

cs,benef

i

t

sanddr

awbacks.Thi

schapt

erdi

scussesabri

efhi

st

ory

---

26

ofFacebookandi

t

sdevel

opmenti

nt

ot

hebi

ggestsoci

almedi

apl

at

form t

oday.

Thechapt

eranal

yzesFacebookand i

t

spot

ent

i

alforevangel

i

sm and how

Ghanai

anshaveembr

acedFacebookareal

soexami

ned.

2.

2TheEmergenceofFacebook

Att

heageof23,MarkZucker

ber

gst

udyi

ngpsychol

ogyatHarvardUni

versi

t

y

foundedFacebook.Asadevot

edcomput

erprogrammer

,hehaddevel

oped

ot

hersoci

alnet

wor

ki

ngsi

t

essuchasCour

semat

chandFacemashforhi

s

fol

l

owst

udent

s.

64

`

TheFacebook'wast

heori

gi

nalnamewheni

twasl

aunched

byZuckerber

gi

nFebruar

y2004.Thenameori

gi

nat

edassheet

sofpaper

di

st

r

i

but

ed t

o fr

esh st

udent

s,cont

i

nui

ng st

udent

s and st

affofHarvard

Uni

ver

si

t

yt

omakesuggest

i

onandcont

r

i

but

et

oi

t

sdevel

opment

.I

tt

ook24

hour

sf

orabout1,

200Har

var

dst

udent

st

osi

gnupandwi

t

hi

namont

hoverhal

f

oft

heunder

gr

aduat

epopul

at

i

onhadpr

of

i

l

eson`

TheFacebook'

.

65

Overt

i

mei

t

wasext

endedt

oBost

onUni

versi

t

yandi

t

sbr

anches,t

heI

vyLeagueandi

ndue

cour

seal

luni

ver

si

t

i

esi

nt

heUni

t

edSt

at

egoti

nvol

ved.I

nt

hemont

hofAugust

2005t

henamechangedt

oFacebook.

com af

t

ert

headdresswaspurchasedfor

$200,

000

66

I

nSept

ember2005,hi

ghschool

sst

udent

si

nt

heUni

t

edSt

at

escoul

d

si

gnupt

oFacebook.

com,t

heni

nNovemberi

tspr

eadt

ot

heUni

t

edKi

ngdom

64

Sar

ahPhi

l

l

i

ps,"ABr

i

efHi

st

or

yofFacebook,

"

TheGuardi

an

,Lastmodi

fi

edJul

y27,2007,

ht

t

p:

//www.

Theguar

di

an.

com/t

echnol

ogy/2007/j

ul

/25/medi

a.

newmedi

a,(

accessedJune28,

2015)

.

65

Phi

l

l

i

ps,"ABri

efHi

st

or

yofFacebook,

"

66

Phi

l

l

i

ps,"ABri

efHi

st

or

yofFacebook,

"

---

27

school

s.

67

I

nt

hemont

hofSept

ember2006Facebookwasext

endedbeyondeducat

i

onal

i

nst

i

t

ut

i

onst

oanyonewi

t

haval

i

dregi

st

er

edemai

laddress.

2.

3TheUseofFacebooki

nChri

st

i

ani

t

yandi

t

sPot

ent

i

alforEvangel

i

sm

St

evenI

.Wal

dschmi

dtasser

t

st

hatsomeChr

i

st

i

anl

eadersareoft

henot

i

ont

hat

t

heuseofsoci

almedi

ai

sawast

eoft

i

meandi

ti

sforyoungpeopl

e.

68

However,

i

nt

heaccount

sofLukei

nAct

s1:

8,Chr

i

st

i

ansaret

opreacht

heGospelofJesus

Chri

stunt

ot

heendsoft

heeart

h.Thati

s,t

heGospelmustreachal

lpeopl

ei

n

everyareaoft

hewor

l

d.

Theref

or

eJer

odcl

ar

kaguesi

nhi

sbook`

FacebookforChurches,

'

Whi

l

e t

here are st

i

l

lpl

ent

y ofchur

ches debat

i

ng

whet

herornott

heyshoul

duseFacebook,800mi

l

l

i

on

peopl

ear

eal

r

eadyt

her

e--i

ncl

udi

ngpeopl

efrom your

chur

ch.Youdon'

topt

-

i

nt

ousi

ngi

tanymore.Youonl

y

opt

-

out

.Andi

fyoudeci

det

oi

gnor

eFacebook,you'

re

mi

ssi

ngoutonami

ni

st

r

yoppor

t

uni

t

y.Facebookt

akes

t

i

meandi

tmaynotbeyourf

avor

i

t

et

hi

ngi

nt

heworl

d,

buti

t

'

saval

uabl

et

oolf

orcommuni

cat

i

ngwi

t

hyour

membersandr

eachi

ngoutt

ot

hei

rf

r

i

ends.

69

Asest

abl

i

shedear

l

i

erbyBai

nbr

i

dge,t

her

ei

saworl

doft

hevi

rt

ualwhi

chal

l

soci

almedi

apl

atf

ormsbel

ong.Chri

st

i

ansshoul

dnot

et

hati

ft

heGospelshoul

d

bepreachedt

oal

lpeopl

et

hensoci

almedi

acannotbeel

i

mi

nat

edbecause,

Wal

dschmi

dtdecl

ar

es"forbet

t

erorwor

se,soci

almedi

ai

swheret

hepeopl

eare,

"

67

Phi

l

l

i

ps

,

"ABri

ef

Hi

st

or

yofFacebook,

"

68

Wal

dschmi

dt

,"TheUseofFacebooki

nCongr

egat

i

onalEvangel

i

s,

"6.

69

Jer

odCl

ar

k,

FacebookforChurches

[

eBookon-

l

i

ne](

ChurchJui

ce/ReFr

ame

Medi

a,2012)

,ht

t

p:

//sq.

advent

i

st

.

or

g.

au/upl

oaded_asset

s/401960,(

accessedJune27,2015)

,3

---

28

i

nt

he21

st

cent

uryandwher

evert

hepeopl

eare,Chri

st

i

ansarecal

l

edt

oprocl

ai

m

t

hegospel

.

70

Ri

chard Vosko asset

s,"The pr

i

mar

ypur

pose ofusi

ng soci

almedi

a i

s t

o

est

abl

i

shandmai

nt

ai

nrel

at

i

onshi

ps,t

oconnectwi

t

handst

ayconnect

edwi

t

h

membersoft

hecongr

egat

i

on.Theaddedfeat

urei

st

hepossi

bi

l

i

t

yofat

t

ract

i

ng

someonewhoi

ssear

chi

ngf

ornew spi

ri

t

ualaffi

l

i

at

i

on.

"Voskoi

ndi

cat

est

hat

,

t

her

earepeopl

ewhogot

ot

hecommuni

t

yofsoci

almedi

at

osearchforanew

spi

ri

t

ualaff

i

l

i

at

i

onandt

hechur

chmustt

akeadvant

ageoft

hatt

oenrol

lsuch

peopl

ei

nt

ot

heKi

ngdom ofGod.

71

I

nChri

st

i

ani

t

yt

oday,mostt

el

evangel

i

st

sandpast

orswhohaveusedt

hemass

medi

asuchast

her

adi

oandt

el

evi

si

ont

opr

eacht

hegospelt

oi

mpactt

heworl

d

ar

eseenonsoci

almedi

aespeci

al

l

yFacebookpost

i

ngeveryday.Past

orssuch

asBi

l

l

yGr

aham

72

,BennyHi

nn

73

,ThomasD.Jakes

74

,Kennet

hCopel

and

75

,Mor

ri

s

Cer

ul

l

o

76

,Juani

t

aBynum

77

,andJoelOst

een

78

knownont

el

evi

si

onandradi

oi

n

mostpar

toft

hewor

l

darenowusi

ngFacebook.Bi

l

l

yGraham asofSept

ember

70

Wal

dschmi

dt

,"TheUseofFacebooki

nCongr

egat

i

onalEvangel

i

sm:APract

i

calPl

a,

n"6

71

Wal

dschmi

dt

,"TheUseofFacebooki

nCongr

egat

i

onalEvangel

i

sm:APract

i

calPl

an,

"16

72

Bi

l

l

yGraham,offi

ci

alFacebokPage,ht

t

ps:

//www.

f

acebook.

com/Rever

endBi

l

l

yGr

aham,

(

accessedAugust5,2015)

73

BennyHi

nn,of

f

i

ci

alFacebookPage,ht

t

ps:

//www.

f

acebook.

com/BennyHi

nnMi

ni

st

ri

es,

(

accessedAugust5,2015)

74

T.D.Jakes,of

fi

ci

alFacebookPage,ht

t

ps:

//www.

f

acebook.

com/bi

shopj

akes,(

accessed

August5,2015)

75

Kennet

hCopel

and,of

fi

ci

alFacebookPage,ht

t

ps:

//www.

f

acebook.

com/Copel

andNet

work,

(

accessedAugust5,2015)

76

Morr

i

sCerul

l

o,of

f

i

ci

alFacebookPage,ht

t

ps:

//www.

f

acebook.

com/of

f

i

ci

al

mor

ri

scer

ul

l

o,

(

accessedAugust5,2015)

77

Juani

t

a-

Bynum,of

f

i

ci

alFacebookPage,ht

t

ps:

//www.

f

acebook.

com/Ambassador

-

Dr-

Juani

t

a-

Bynum-

952436644796537/t

i

mel

i

ne/,(

accessedAugust5,2015)

78

JoelOst

een,of

f

i

ci

alFacebookPage,ht

t

ps:

//www.

f

acebook.

com/Joel

Ost

een,(

accessed

August5,2015)

---

29

13

t

h

,2015,had2,

773,

866user

swhol

i

kedhi

sFacebookpage;JoelOst

eenasat

t

hesamedat

ehad11,

655,

487f

answhol

i

kedhi

spage

79

.Thi

si

ndi

cat

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com/Aps.opokuonyi

nah,

(

accessedSept

ember11

t

h

2015)

100

St

ephen-

Amoani

,of

f

i

ci

alFacebookPage,ht

t

ps:

//www.

f

acebook.

com/Apost

l

e-

Dr

-

St

ephen-

Amoani

-

190431694311920/t

i

mel

i

ne/,(

accessedSept

ember11

t

h

2015)

---

36

Thedi

gi

t

almarket

i

ngst

r

at

egi

sti

ndi

cat

edt

hati

ti

si

mport

antfort

hechurches

andpast

orsi

nGhanat

ousei

nsoci

almedi

ai

ft

hechurchwant

st

ot

ouchmany

l

i

veswi

t

ht

heGospel

.Hest

at

edt

hatanumberofChri

st

i

anshavel

i

fest

yl

est

hat

revol

ve around t

he use of smar

t

phones. These Chri

st

i

ans use t

hese

smart

phones t

o access bi

bl

e ver

ses and even whi

l

e sermons are bei

ng

preachedt

heyfocusonsoci

almedi

a.Theref

ore,i

twi

l

lbeofkeyi

nt

erestt

o

everyGhanai

anPast

ororchur

cht

oengagepeopl

eonsoci

almedi

a.

3.

3FacebookAct

i

vi

t

i

esofGhanai

anPast

ors

Accordi

ngt

oBri

t

t

anyN.Br

ant

l

ey,t

heI

nt

er

netandsoci

alnet

works(

soci

almedi

a)

"havegi

venchur

chesandt

hei

rpast

or

sanot

hermedi

um t

ocommuni

cat

ewi

t

ha

br

oadernumberofpeopl

eandspr

eadt

hei

rgospel

.I

ncreasi

ngl

y,past

orsare

cr

eat

i

ngFacebookandTwi

t

t

erpagest

or

el

ayt

hei

rr

el

i

gi

ousmessages.

"

101

However

,sheseesaprobl

em ar

i

si

ngwher

ebypast

or

suset

hesamepl

at

forms

t

or

el

ayt

hei

r"personalfeel

i

ngsaboutpol

i

t

i

cs.

"Shear

guest

hatt

hei

nt

ernetand

soci

almedi

ai

sanoppor

t

uni

t

yt

opr

eachbeyondapast

or'

scongregat

i

on.

102

However

,i

nt

hecaseofGhana,ei

ght

eenpar

t

i

ci

pant

sassert

edt

hatt

herearefi

ve

basi

cmessagesGhanai

anpast

or

spostonFacebook.Thesemessagescanbe

cl

assi

f

i

edorgr

oupedas:i

nspi

r

at

i

onalmessages,i

nvi

t

at

i

onforprogrammes,

101

Br

i

t

t

anyN.Br

ant

l

ey,"

BeyondPol

i

t

i

csi

nt

hePul

pi

t

:WhenPast

or

sUseSoci

alNet

workst

o

Pr

eachPol

i

t

i

cs;

Not

e,

"

JournalofLegi

sl

ati

on

38,no.2(

January2012)

:271-

294,

ht

t

p:

//schol

ar

shi

p.

l

aw.

nd.

edu/cgi

/vi

ewcont

ent

.

cgi

?ar

t

i

cl

e=1012&cont

ext

=j

l

eg,(

accessedJul

y

7,2015)

102

Br

ant

l

ey,"

BeyondPol

i

t

i

csi

nt

hePul

pi

t

,

"276.

---

37

i

magebrandi

ng,evangel

i

st

i

cmessagesandseeki

ngfeedbackfrom fol

l

owers.

Thesecl

assi

fi

cat

i

onshavebeendi

scussedf

urt

herbel

ow:

3.

3.

1I

nspi

rat

i

onalMessages

I

nt

heworkofToddM.ThrashandAndrew J.El

l

i

oti

nspi

rat

i

onreferst

o"a

breat

hi

ng i

n ori

nfusi

on ofsome i

dea,purpose,et

c.i

nt

o t

he mi

nd;t

he

suggest

i

on,awakeni

ng,orcr

eat

i

onofsomef

eel

i

ngori

mpul

se,especi

al

l

yofan

exal

t

ed ki

nd.

"

103

Thr

ash and El

l

i

oti

ndi

cat

e t

hati

n t

he ori

gi

nalusage of

i

nspi

rat

i

on,i

tr

ef

er

st

o"ani

nfl

uencebyasupernat

uralbei

ngi

nwhi

cht

he

i

ndi

vi

duali

susedasani

nst

rumentf

ort

hedel

i

veryofdi

vi

net

rut

hs.

"

104

They

assertt

hati

nt

heaccountofJudeo-

Chr

i

st

i

ani

nwri

t

i

ngofscri

pt

ure,i

nspi

rat

i

on

"i

saGod-

gi

vencapaci

t

yt

ot

r

ansmi

tt

hewor

dofGod,whet

herdi

rect

l

yoras

medi

at

edbyt

hewr

i

t

er

'

sexper

i

enceori

nt

er

pr

et

at

i

onofadi

vi

neencount

er.

"

105

Ont

hatnot

e,sevent

eenpar

t

i

ci

pant

si

ndi

cat

edt

hatmanyGhanai

anpast

ors

sendmessageswhi

chsomet

i

mesar

ebackedbyt

heBi

bl

eoral

i

f

eexperi

encet

o

encouraget

hei

rf

ol

l

ower

snott

ogi

veupandpressonunt

i

lt

heyachi

evet

hei

r

obj

ect

i

vesi

nl

i

f

e.Past

or

ssuchast

heAr

chbi

shopNi

col

asDuncanWi

l

l

i

ams

106

,

Past

orDr

.MensaOt

abi

l

,

107

Bi

shopChar

l

esAgyi

nasare,

108

Bi

shopDagHeward-

103

ToddM.Thr

ashandAndrewJ.El

l

i

ot"I

nspi

r

at

i

onasaPsychol

ogi

calConst

ruct

,

"

Journalof

Personal

i

tyandSoci

alPsychol

ogy

84,no.4(

2003)

:871­89,ht

t

ps:

//www.

psych.

rochest

er

.

edu

/r

esearch/apav/publ

i

cat

i

ons/document

s/2003_Thr

ashEl

l

i

ot

_I

nspi

rat

i

onasapsychol

ogi

cal

const

ruct

.

pdf

,(

accessedJul

y8,2015)

104

Thr

ashandEl

l

i

ot"I

nspi

r

at

i

onasaPsychol

ogi

calConst

r

uct

,

"871

105

Thr

ashandEl

l

i

ot"I

nspi

r

at

i

onasaPsychol

ogi

calConst

r

uct

,

"871

106

Ar

chbi

shopDuncan-

Wi

l

l

i

ams,FacebookPost

,August21,2015(

02:

56pm)

,ht

t

ps:

//www

.

f

acebook.

com/ar

chbi

shopduncanwi

l

l

i

ams/vi

deos/10153555976137964/,(

accessed

Sept

ember11

t

h

2015)

107

MensaOt

abi

l

,FacebookPost

,Sept

ember12,2015(

03:

00am)

,ht

t

ps:

//www.

f

acebook.

com

---

38

Mi

l

l

i

s

109

ever

ydaycont

i

nuousl

ypost

si

nspi

r

at

i

onalmessageson Facebook.

Past

orRi

char

dC.Whi

t

comb,f

ounderandseni

orpast

orofAgapeHouseNew

Test

amentChurchonhi

soff

i

ci

alFacebookpageasatAugust19t

h2015hadi

n

hi

s`

AboutPast

orC.Whi

t

comb,FacebookPageI

nformat

i

on'

,i

si

nscri

bedas:"Hi

Fri

ends!I

'

m Past

orRi

chard Whi

t

comb.Ever

y day Isend an i

nspi

rat

i

onal

messaget

omyf

ri

ends.Si

gnupt

odayt

obeaFan,andsuggestt

hi

spaget

o

fri

endsbycl

i

cki

ngt

hel

i

nk"

Shar

e"

.Godbl

essyou!

"

110

A part

i

ci

pantnot

edt

hatAr

chbi

shopNi

col

asDuncan-

Wi

l

l

i

ams,Past

orMensa

Ot

abi

l

,Bi

shopDagHewar

d-

Mi

l

l

i

spr

act

i

seaki

ndofi

nspi

rat

i

onalmessagewhi

ch

hecal

l

s`

Fai

t

hDecl

ar

at

i

onConf

essi

onal

'messages.Al

so,i

twasnot

edt

hatt

he

Chai

rmanoft

heChurchofPent

ecost

,Apost

l

eDr

.OpukuOnyi

nah

111

andt

he

l

eaderofChr

i

stApost

ol

i

cChur

chI

nt

er

nat

i

onal

,Apost

l

eDr

.St

ephenAmoani

112

havebeenact

i

vewheni

tcomest

osendi

ngi

nspi

rat

i

onalmessages.However,

amongt

heRomanCat

hol

i

cs,Or

t

hodoxandPent

ecost

alchurches,muchi

snot

seenfr

omt

hem.

/mensaot

abi

l

/post

s/10155976106010117,(

accessedSept

ember12

t

h

2015)

108

Bi

shopChar

l

esAgyi

nasar

e,FacebookPost

,August16,2015(

04:

30am)

ht

t

ps:

//www.

f

acebook.

com/Bi

shop.

Charl

es.

Agyi

nasar

e/post

s/10153604003999337,

(

accessedSept

ember11

t

h

2015)

109

Bi

shopDagHewar

d-

Mi

l

l

s,FacebookPost

,Sept

ember12,2015(

09:

01pm)

ht

t

ps:

//www.

f

acebook.

com/daghewardmi

l

l

s.

or

g/post

s/10153689355733623,(

accessed

Sept

ember11

t

h

2015)

110

Past

or

-

Ri

char

dC.Whi

t

comb,FacebookI

nf

or

mat

i

on,ht

t

ps:

//www.

f

acebook.

com/Past

or-

Ri

chard-

C-

Whi

t

comb-

105360584334/i

nfo?t

ab=page_i

nf

o,(

accessedSept

ember11

t

h

2015)

111

Apost

l

eOpokuOnyi

nah,FacebookPost

,Sept

ember15,2015,(

07:

30pm)

,ht

t

ps:

//www.

f

acebook.

com/Aps.

opokuonyi

nah/phot

os/a.

1557799247772764.

1073741828.

1557671437785

545/1650953285124026/?t

ype=1,(

accessedSept

ember16

t

h

2015)

112

Apost

l

eSt

ephenAmoani

,FacebookTi

mel

i

ne,ht

t

ps:

//www.

f

acebook.

com/Apost

l

e-

Dr

-

St

ephen-

Amoani

-

190431694311920/t

i

mel

i

ne/,(

accessedSept

ember16

t

h

2015)

---

39

3.

3.

2I

nvi

t

at

i

onforPrograms

From t

hevi

ewsofni

net

eenpar

t

i

ci

pant

s,t

hesecondact

i

vi

t

yGhanai

anpast

or'

s

postonFacebooki

si

nvi

t

at

i

onf

orprogr

ammesandweekl

yact

i

vi

t

i

esoft

hei

r

churches.

Merri

am Webst

erdi

ct

i

onar

ydef

i

nesi

nvi

t

at

i

onasawri

t

t

enorspokenrequest

forsomeone t

o go somewher

e ort

o do somet

hi

ng orsomet

hi

ng t

hat

encouragessomeonet

odosomet

hi

ngort

hatmakessomet

hi

ngmorel

i

kel

yt

o

happen.

113

Vocabul

l

ary.

com hasdef

i

nedi

nvi

t

at

i

onas"arequest

,asol

i

ci

t

at

i

on

oranat

t

emptt

ogetanot

herper

sont

oj

oi

nyouataspeci

fi

cevent

.

"

114

Mi

ni

st

ers

suchasDagHewar

d-

Mi

l

l

i

s,MensaOt

abi

l

,Duncan-

Wi

l

l

i

ams,Sam KronkyeAnkra,

andRi

char

dC.Whi

t

combusual

l

yengagei

nt

hi

sact

i

vi

t

y.Amongt

hem,Charl

es

Aygi

nAsar

eofPerezChapelI

nt

ernat

i

onalst

andsoutbypost

i

ngeverySunday

passageandt

opi

ct

obet

r

eat

edandever

ymont

hgi

vesafocusonprogramst

he

chur

chwi

l

lbeor

gani

si

ng.

3.

3.

3I

mageBrandi

ng

Twent

y(

20)par

t

i

ci

pant

sasser

t

edt

hat

,Ghanai

anpast

orsonFacebookhave

beenpr

act

i

si

ngwhatt

heycal

l

ed`

I

mageBr

andi

ng.

'A part

i

ci

pantnot

edt

hat

i

magebr

andi

ngonsoci

almedi

ai

nr

espectt

oChri

st

i

ani

t

yi

st

heconsi

st

ent

sendi

ngofpi

ct

ur

es,vi

deos,ofwher

epast

or

spreacht

oshowwhatachurchor

past

orhavei

nt

ermsoft

hei

rmessagesandweal

t

h.Two(

2)par

t

i

ci

pant

sadded

113

"Ful

lDef

i

ni

t

i

onofI

nvi

t

at

i

on"Mer

ri

am-

Webst

er

,ht

t

p:

//www.

mer

ri

am-

webst

er

.

com

/di

ct

i

onar

y/i

nvi

t

at

i

on(

accessedSept

ember11

t

h

2015)

114

"I

nvi

t

at

i

on"Vocabi

l

ar

y.

com,ht

t

p:

//www.

vocabul

ar

y.

com/di

ct

i

onary/i

nvi

t

at

i

on,(

accessed

Sept

ember11

t

h

2015)

---

40

t

hat

,br

andi

ng(

i

mage)i

swhatpast

orsandchurchesaredoi

ngt

odi

st

i

nct

t

hemsel

ves and t

o show whatt

hey st

and fori

n mi

ni

st

ry.Fori

nst

ance,

Archbi

shopNi

col

asDuncan-

Wi

l

l

i

amshaspr

ovenonsoci

almedi

at

hathei

sa

manofprayerandst

andsf

orprayer.Hi

st

eachi

ngsandprogrammesonsoci

al

medi

ai

smoreonpr

ayer.Exampl

eoft

hati

st

heconst

antannouncementofal

l

-

ni

ghtpr

ayergat

her

i

ngsandnat

i

onalpr

ayerconferencesorgani

sedbyHi

m

115

Past

orMensaOt

abi

lhaspr

ovent

obeamanwhost

andsforgoodl

eadershi

p

andhasbui

l

tast

r

ongbr

andt

oat

t

ai

nt

hef

ast

estgrowi

ngFacebookpagei

n

Ghana.

116

Amet

or

gohaddedt

hatpost

i

ngt

henextcarandhousesboughtbya

Ghanai

anpast

orhaveal

evelofi

nf

l

uencet

oevangel

i

sm.Heasset

st

hatt

here

ar

ecl

assesofpeopl

ewhocanonl

ybemovedt

orepent

ancewhent

heweal

t

ha

past

orhavet

oprovet

hatt

heGodt

heyar

ef

ol

l

owi

ngi

snotapoorGod.

3.

3.

4Evangel

i

st

i

cMessages

DerekTi

dbal

lar

guest

hatevangel

i

sm i

spr

eachi

ngt

he"aut

hori

t

yoft

heBi

bl

e,t

he

needforconver

si

on,t

hecent

r

al

i

t

yoft

hecr

ossandfai

t

hi

sact

i

ve,notl

easti

n

mi

ssi

on.

"

117

However

,TonyMi

anodef

i

nesevangel

i

sm as"t

heannouncement

,

pr

ocl

amat

i

on,and/orpreachi

ngoft

he

gospel

(

1Cor.15:

1-

4)

,t

hegoodnewsof

andabout

JesusChr

i

st

.Ther

ef

or

e,t

hegospeli

sacommuni

cat

edmessage-

-

communi

cat

edi

nver

bal(

Luke7:

22,

Rom.10:

14-

17)and/orwr

i

t

t

en(

Luke1:

1-

4)

115

Archbi

shopDuncan-

Wi

l

l

i

ams,FacebookPost

,Sept

ember18,2015(

06:

27pm)

ht

t

ps:

//www.

f

acebook.

com/ar

chbi

shopduncanwi

l

l

i

ams/post

s/10153623754657964,(

accessed

Sept

ember18

t

h

,

2015)

116

"GhanaFacebookPageSt

at

i

st

i

cs,

"Soci

al

baker

s,

117

"I

nt

er

vi

ewwi

t

hDer

ekTi

dbal

l

,

"Ki

ng'

sEvangel

i

calDi

vi

ni

t

ySchool

,l

astmodi

fi

edOct

ober

,2010,

ht

t

ps:

//www.

ki

ngsdi

vi

ni

t

y.

or

g/t

heol

ogi

cal

/28col

l

ege/t

heol

ogi

cal

-

art

i

cl

es/166-

12,(

accessed

Jul

y27,2015)

---

41

form.

"

118

Ther

ef

or

e,accordi

ngt

oMi

anot

heGospeli

scommuni

cat

edverbal

l

y

andi

nwri

t

t

enfor

m.

119

Sevenpar

t

i

ci

pant

si

ndi

cat

edt

hatsoci

almedi

acommuni

cat

i

oni

sbot

hverbal

andwri

t

t

en.Nonet

hel

ess,apar

t

i

ci

pantemphasi

sedt

hatwri

t

t

encommuni

cat

i

on

i

smoreonmostsoci

almedi

apl

at

f

or

msexceptpl

at

f

ormssuchasYouTubeand

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nst

agram whi

ch i

s much mor

e vi

deos and pi

ct

ures respect

i

vel

y.Ni

ne

part

i

ci

pant

s argue t

hatmostGhanai

an past

ors do notpostevangel

i

st

i

c

messages on Facebook.Nonet

hel

ess,Bennet

tgave exampl

es ofBi

shop

Charl

esAgyi

nAsare'

s,Bi

shopDagHewar

d-

Mi

l

l

i

sandApost

l

eOpukuOnyi

nah

whooncei

nawhi

l

epostevangel

i

st

i

cmessages.However,apart

i

ci

pantsai

d

mostpast

or

si

nt

hePent

ecost

aldenomi

nat

i

onsaremoreevangel

i

st

i

consoci

al

medi

at

hant

heChar

i

smat

i

cChur

ches.Hement

i

onst

heChai

rmanoft

heChurch

ofPent

ecostApost

l

eOpukuOnyi

nahasanexampl

e.

3.

3.

5Feedbackfrom Fol

l

owers

Si

xt

eenpar

t

i

ci

pant

si

ndi

cat

edt

hatGhanai

anpast

or

sonFacebookpostwhati

s

t

er

medas`

feedbackoni

ssuesf

r

om f

ol

l

ower

s'

.JohnHat

t

i

eandHel

enTi

mperl

e

i

ndi

cat

et

hatf

eedback"i

sconcept

ual

i

zedasi

nformat

i

onprovi

dedbyanagent

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e.

g.

,t

eacher,peer

,book,par

ent

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p:

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---

42

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hatPast

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e

Opuku Onyi

nah ar

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ven

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121/122

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opl

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acebook.

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---

43

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ft

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st

sofour

day.

"

123

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shopTi

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awhi

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om Godandal

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CHAPTERFOUR

DI

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ANPASTORSANDI

TS

I

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SM

4.

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nt

roduct

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on

I

nChapt

ert

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onoft

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anpast

orswas

expl

or

ed.St

at

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st

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cs on Ghanai

an past

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so

pr

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chquest

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egori

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on)andamegaphone(

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124

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at

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on

123

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,

TheChurchandNewMedi

a:Bl

oggi

ngconverts,Onl

i

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p:

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,(

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124

Codone,"MegachurchPast

orTwi

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vi

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"29.

---

44

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ot

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onr

ai

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nt

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udy.Thi

schapt

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t

i

es i

nf

l

uence evangel

i

sm and t

her

ef

ore i

t

s i

mpact on t

he Great

Commi

ssi

on.Thei

ssuest

hatemergear

edi

scussedal

ongsi

det

hevi

ewsof

ot

herschol

ars.

Al

so,t

hechapt

erdi

scusseshowt

heuseofFacebookhasbenefi

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edchurchesof

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Ever

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osayi

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.Fort

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ect

i

veoff

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ndi

ngoutt

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ol

l

owersofGhanai

anpast

orson

Facebookandwhyt

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om var

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sedt

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ence

wheremarketwomenappr

oacht

hem r

equi

r

i

ngt

heopeni

ngofaFacebook

---

45

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nt

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rnamest

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l

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ai

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n

ageal

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t

hf

r

i

endsonFacebook.

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chaelMi

l

l

eri

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swor

k"under

st

andi

ngFacebookFri

endsandFol

l

owers"

i

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i

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125

WhyGhanai

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Ot

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125

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p:

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aspx?p=2036563,(

accessedAugust17,2015)

---

46

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ai

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ai

nmenofGodi

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Chri

st

i

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126

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127

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JasonCast

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127

Cast

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---

47

vi

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128

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128

Cast

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---

48

Anot

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Twi

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---

49

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129

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besargumenti

sont

hepoi

ntt

hatsoci

almedi

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otofbenefi

tand

t

her

eforet

hechurchshoul

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eadt

hewayasi

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dwi

t

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dmedi

asuchasradi

o

andt

el

evi

si

on.Hesaysi

ti

snotawast

eoft

i

mebutascri

t

i

cswerewr

ongwhen

t

hechurchst

art

edusi

ngt

het

r

adi

t

i

onalmedi

asowi

l

lt

heybewi

t

ht

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t

rendsofsoci

almedi

a.

Si

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y2015i

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edt

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dpopul

at

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oni

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2

bi

l

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i

on.

130

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t

st

hatbyt

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almedi

awi

l

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hanone

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hi

rdoft

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d'

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at

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oni

n240count

r

i

es.

131

Thi

sst

at

i

st

i

ci

ndi

cat

est

hata

chur

chorpast

orcanbeatt

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rof

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i

ceandpr

eacht

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l

l

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n

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essercost

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t

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l

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eacht

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chi

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ongrunwi

l

li

ncrease

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t

s membershi

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t

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e t

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si

ng a church and i

t

s

pr

ogr

ammescanal

sober

educedsi

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129

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i

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l

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onshi

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th

Peopl

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ngTheMostPopul

arSoci

alNetworkOnTheI

nternet,

(

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l

i

ne:Chri

sFor

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Mi

ni

st

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yMarket

i

ngCoach)

,

1-

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t

p:

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osynod.

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g/aws/SOS/asset

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i

l

e/20638,(

accessedAugust17,2015)

130

"Di

gi

t

al

,Soci

al&Mobi

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l

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dei

n2015,

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eSoci

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2015/,(

accessedAugust

17,2015)

131

"Di

gi

t

al

,Soci

al&Mobi

l

eWor

l

dwi

dei

n2015,

"WeAr

eSoci

al

,

---

50

medi

aal

ready.Al

so,br

anchesofchur

chescanbeopenedt

hroughsoci

almedi

a.

4.

4UsageofFacebookbyGhanai

anPast

orsandi

t

sCont

ri

but

i

ont

oEvangel

i

sm

I

nchapt

ert

hree,t

hest

udyreveal

edt

hatGhanai

anpast

orspost

si

nspi

rat

i

onal

messages,i

nvi

t

at

i

onf

orpr

ogrammes,i

magebrandi

ng,evangel

i

st

i

cmessages

andseeki

ngfeedbackfrom t

hei

rfol

l

ower

s.Theabovement

i

onedact

i

vi

t

i

esare

t

hewaysGhanai

anpast

or

suseFacebook.However,bel

owaret

hecont

ri

but

i

ons

ori

nf

l

uencet

heseact

i

vi

t

i

eshaveonevangel

i

sm.

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nspi

rat

i

onalmessages

Ei

ght(

8)par

t

i

ci

pant

sasser

t

edt

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heract

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vi

t

i

essuchaspost

i

ngi

nspi

rat

i

onal

messages and i

nvi

t

at

i

on f

orpr

ogr

ammes have posi

t

i

ve i

nfl

uence on soul

wi

nni

ngorevangel

i

sm.Apast

oratRecei

vePowerChapel

,Kasoa­Accra,one

oft

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t

i

ci

pant

sgaveat

est

i

monyofal

adywhocamei

ncont

actwi

t

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s

Facebookpageandr

eadi

ngt

hei

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r

at

i

onalmessageshepost

edr

equest

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phonenumber.Af

t

ercommuni

cat

i

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t

hheronphone,henot

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cedt

hatt

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l

adybel

ongedt

oal

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angr

oup.Het

henpr

eachedt

ot

hel

adyandshei

snowa

chi

l

dofGodoraChr

i

st

i

an.

---

51

Al

so,aMusl

i

m l

adywhowaspar

tofpar

t

i

ci

pant

soft

hest

udygaveherl

i

fet

o

Chri

stt

hrought

hei

nspi

rat

i

onalmessagesofDrMensaOt

abi

l

'

sFacebookpage.

Apart

i

ci

pantdur

i

ngaphonei

nt

er

vi

ewment

i

onedt

hat

,t

hei

nspi

rat

i

onalwords

ofPast

orMensaOt

abi

lt

ouchedherhear

tsomuch.Outoft

hesei

nspi

rat

i

onal

messagesshei

snowaChr

i

st

i

an.I

nherwor

ds:`

Ifol

l

owMensaOt

abi

leveryday

forwor

dsofencouragementandwordsofwi

sdomsoIcanusei

ti

nmydai

l

yl

i

fe.

Oneoft

hedaysIf

el

tIneededt

oknowmor

eaboutJesusbecauseoft

hewords

IreadonPast

orMensaOt

abi

l

'

sFacebookpage.AChri

st

i

anfri

endt

ol

dmemore

aboutJesus,Iaccept

edHi

mi

nt

omyl

i

f

eandIbecameaChri

st

i

an.

'

TheworkofSt

evenWal

dschmi

dt

,"TheUseofFacebooki

nCongregat

i

onal

Evangel

i

sm:A pract

i

calpl

an,

"

132

gaveat

est

i

monyofhow al

adyaccessed

Facebookf

ori

nf

or

mat

i

onandr

ecei

vedJesusi

nt

oherl

i

fe.Hesai

d,Amyvi

si

t

ed

herFacebookbookpageandr

eadanar

t

i

cl

espost

edbyhi

sfri

endonFacebook.

Thecl

osi

ngwor

dsoft

hear

t

i

cl

est

at

ed:"i

fyouareawomanwhohashadan

abort

i

onl

i

kemeandyouar

esuf

f

er

i

ngi

nsi

l

ence,t

hent

akei

tt

oJesus.Hel

oves

you.Hel

ovesyourchi

l

d.Youar

ef

or

gi

ven.

"

133

ThenextSundaymorni

ngt

hel

ady

vi

si

t

edt

hechurcht

owor

shi

pandmet"t

hepast

ort

ot

el

lhi

m abouthowmoved

she was by t

hose Facebook post

s,and how she f

i

nal

l

y f

ound peace i

n

Jesus.

"

134

AmywasonFacebookt

oseeki

nf

ormat

i

onandbehol

dshecame

acrosst

hi

smessaget

hatbr

oughtherhopeandshei

snowaChri

st

i

an.

132

Wal

dschmi

dt

,"TheUseofFacebooki

nCongregat

i

onalEvangel

i

sm,

"2.

133

Wal

dschmi

dt

,"TheUseofFacebooki

nCongregat

i

onalEvangel

i

sm,

"2.

134

Wal

dschmi

dt

,"TheUseofFacebooki

nCongregat

i

onalEvangel

i

sm,

"2.

---

52

I

nvi

t

at

i

ont

oprogrammes

Ei

ght

eenpar

t

i

ci

pant

ssai

dt

hatwhenpast

orsi

nvi

t

epeopl

et

hroughFacebook,

vari

ouspeopl

eat

t

endt

heprogr

amme.Dur

i

ngt

heprogramme,opport

uni

t

i

esare

gi

vent

opeopl

et

orecei

veJesusChri

stast

hei

rLordandpersonalsavi

orwhi

ch

mostpeopl

edor

espondposi

t

i

vel

y.Threepar

t

i

ci

pant

saddedt

hati

nvi

t

at

i

ont

o

progr

ammeshaveaposi

t

i

vei

nf

l

uenceonevangel

i

sm.

I

magebrandi

ng

Sevenpart

i

ci

pant

si

ndi

cat

edt

hati

magebr

andi

nghaveaposi

t

i

vei

nfl

uenceon

evangel

i

sm.A part

i

ci

pantasser

t

edt

hat

,hi

sfri

endwhowasaBuddhi

sthas

becomeaChr

i

st

i

anbecauseofi

magebrandi

ngofapast

ort

hroughFacebook.

Hesai

dt

hatt

hef

r

i

endhasaphi

l

osophyt

hat"hecannotfol

l

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whocannotorgani

zeormakehi

speopl

er

i

ch.i

not

herwords,asapast

orpost

t

hecar

s,bui

l

di

ngsandot

herweal

t

honFacebooki

tencourageot

herst

ohave

t

hedesi

r

et

of

ol

l

owsuchaGod.

Evangel

i

st

i

cmessages

Ei

ghtpar

t

i

ci

pant

sst

r

essedt

hei

robser

vat

i

onandexperi

encet

hatGhanai

an

past

or

senj

oypost

i

ngl

essevangel

i

st

i

cmessagesascomparedt

oi

nspi

rat

i

onal

messages on Facebook.I

n accor

dance wi

t

h t

he vi

ews oft

he t

went

y-

one

part

i

ci

pant

s,evangel

i

st

i

cmessagespost

edbysomepast

orsi

nGhanahasa

posi

t

i

vei

nfl

uenceonevangel

i

sm event

houghmuchofsuchmessagesar

enot

seenonFacebook.

---

53

Franci

sKhekGeeLi

m arguest

hatsoci

almedi

awi

t

ht

hei

nt

ernet"hasbecome

suchamaj

orarenaf

orChr

i

st

i

anevangel

i

zat

i

on"andt

hereasoni

st

hat"more

and more peopl

e ar

e seeki

ng i

nf

or

mat

i

on on r

el

i

gi

ous mat

t

ers usi

ng t

he

i

nt

er

net

".

135

Accor

di

ngt

oGeeLi

m t

hi

sphenomenoni

sknownas"newpar

adi

gm"

anexpressi

onmadebySt

ephenWar

ner.

136

Feedbackfrom t

hei

rfol

l

owers

Ni

net

een(

19)par

t

i

ci

pant

sasser

t

edt

hatGhanai

anpast

orsseeki

ngfeedback

from t

hei

rfol

l

owersi

nf

l

uenceevangel

i

sm.Apart

i

ci

pantsai

dt

hatasGhanai

an

past

orsseekf

eedbackf

rom t

hei

rf

ol

l

owers,i

tshowst

hecareandat

t

ent

i

on

gi

ven t

o t

hem asf

ol

l

owers.Thi

sencour

agessomefol

l

ower

st

o j

oi

n t

hei

r

chur

chesandt

hr

ought

hatt

heybecomesaved.Two(

2)part

i

ci

pant

saddedt

hat

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tal

soshowst

heser

i

ousnessoft

hepast

or

sandhel

pspast

orsoronl

i

ne

evangel

i

stt

ost

r

at

egi

zehi

sorhermessages

4.

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alMedi

acanserveasEvangel

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st

i

cwork

Aspar

toft

hemai

nobj

ect

i

veoft

hi

sst

udyi

nf

i

ndi

ngouthowsoci

almedi

acan

beusedf

orevangel

i

sm,ar

esear

chquest

i

onwasaskedt

oanswert

heobj

ect

i

ve

ofexpl

or

i

nghowFacebookusagecanser

veasat

oolforevangel

i

st

i

cworki

n

soci

almedi

a.

135

Fr

anci

sKhekGeeLi

m,

Medi

ati

ngChri

sti

ani

tyi

nContemporary

Asi

a(

NewYor

k,

:Rout

l

edge

,

711Thi

rdAvenue,2013)183-

198,ht

t

p:

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es.

sai

nsburysebooks.

co.

uk

/9781136204999_sampl

e_492348.

pdf,(

accessedSept

ember2,2015)

136

GeeLi

m,

Medi

ati

ngChri

sti

ani

tyi

nContemporary

Asi

a,198

---

54

Therefore,al

lt

het

went

y-

onepar

t

i

ci

pant

sagr

eedt

hat

,t

hereshoul

dbeapl

anor

a gui

del

i

ne befor

e a chur

ch,past

or,orChr

i

st

i

an uses soci

almedi

a for

evangel

i

st

i

cpurposes.

I

nt

hewordsofCast

onheasser

t

st

hatdeci

si

onmustbemadeast

owhi

ch

soci

almedi

apl

at

f

or

msar

et

obeused.Headdedt

hat"t

hebestsoci

alnet

worki

s

whi

cheveryourorgani

zat

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onknowshow t

ouse.

"

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udest

hat"j

ustst

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ht

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"

137

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st

osay"t

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alNet

work

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zat

i

onshoul

dut

i

l

i

zedependsoni

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scapabi

l

i

t

yt

ouset

henet

work,

yourcont

ent

,andwher

eyouraudi

encei

spr

i

mari

l

y"l

ocat

ed"ont

heweb.

"

138

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i

ci

pantasser

t

edt

hatduet

ot

hebusyschedul

esofpast

orsei

t

hert

heyget

at

eam t

omanaget

hei

rvar

i

oussoci

almedi

apl

at

f

ormsoramanagershoul

dbe

i

nchar

ge.Heemphai

sedt

hati

ti

snosur

pr

i

set

ohi

m t

hatI

nt

ernat

i

onalCent

ral

GospelChur

ch (

I

CGC)ofPast

orMensah Ot

abi

lr

anksnumberoneamong

Ghanai

anpast

or

sonFacebookbecausehehasat

eam t

rai

nedbyhi

m t

o

managet

hei

rsoci

almedi

apl

at

for

ms.Si

x(

6)part

i

ci

pant

saddedt

hat

,at

eam

shoul

dbei

npl

acet

omanaget

hepl

at

f

or

mschosenbyapast

ororachurch.

Al

so,t

wopart

i

ci

pant

ssuggest

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hatever

ysoci

almedi

apl

at

form hasauni

que

way i

toperat

es,t

her

ef

or

e t

he past

orort

he t

eam mustal

ways educat

e

t

hemsel

vesont

hepl

at

f

or

msi

not

hert

obeef

f

ect

i

ve.Apar

t

i

ci

pantaddedt

hat

t

hechur

ch,past

ororChr

i

st

i

anshoul

dknowwhi

chcont

entt

opostatapart

i

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ar

seasonaft

erpr

ayi

ngandbei

ngl

edbyt

heHol

ySpi

ri

t

.Hemadereferencet

ot

he

137

Cast

on,"WhyYourOrgani

zat

i

onshoul

dbeonSoci

alMedi

a,

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138

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on,"WhyYourOrgani

zat

i

onshoul

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alMedi

a,

"

---

55

FacebookpageofBi

shopCharl

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nAsar

eofPerezChapelI

nt

ernat

i

onalon

t

hepoi

ntt

hathehasaf

ocusandki

ndofmessageshepost

si

napart

i

cul

ar

mont

horseason.Forexampl

e,i

nt

hemont

hofAugust

,al

lmessagespost

edby

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ed30

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August

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139/140/141

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t

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i

ci

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ssuggest

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hatnotal

lpeopl

earei

nt

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readi

ngl

ongmessagesandt

her

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orsoci

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aevangel

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Cast

oni

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cat

est

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ai

sat

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cat

i

on;t

herefore

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et

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ocomment

smadebyt

hei

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142

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endrequestt

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col

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nsomefew hourst

hatmadehi

m very

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ldayandal

waysr

eadwhatt

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shophast

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Al

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sasser

t

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shandcondemnat

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mpactonsoci

almedi

awheni

tcomest

oevangel

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r

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hatt

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ndayper

sonwi

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waysl

ovet

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aceswhere

heorshei

snotcondemnedbutencour

aged.

139

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l

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e,FacebookPost

,August30,2015(

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ps:

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140

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,August29,2015(

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(

accessedSept

ember2,2015)

141

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l

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,August27,2015(

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(

accessedSept

ember2,2015)

142

Cast

on,"WhyYourOr

gani

zat

i

onshoul

dbeonSoci

alMedi

a,

"

---

56

4.

6Concl

usi

on

Thi

schapt

err

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st

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,t

heuseofFacebookbyGhanai

anpast

orsbri

ngs

di

fferent cat

egory of fol

l

ower

s f

rom di

f

ferent soci

et

al and rel

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gi

ous

backgroundswor

l

dwi

det

oget

her.Throught

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almedi

aGhanai

an

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hei

rchur

cheshaveagl

obalvoi

ceandpresence.Therefore,soci

al

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nt

heworl

d.

Nonet

hel

ess,i

ti

snot

edt

hatt

hemessagespost

edbyGhanai

anpast

orson

Facebookar

enotdi

rect

l

yevangel

i

st

i

ci

nnat

ur

e.However,t

heact

i

vi

t

i

esof

Ghanai

anpast

or

sofsendi

ngi

nspi

r

at

i

onalmessages,pr

ogr

ammei

nvi

t

at

i

ons,

i

magebrandi

ngandseeki

ngf

eedbackoni

ssueshaveposi

t

i

vei

nfl

uenceon

evangel

i

sm.Fi

nal

l

y,apl

anorasetofgui

del

i

neswasproposedforsoci

almedi

a

evangel

i

sm.

Concl

usi

vel

y,accor

di

ng t

o Tr

i

sha El

l

i

otsoci

almedi

a mi

ni

st

ry shoul

d be

compar

edt

ot

he`

Parabl

eoft

heSower

'(

Mat

t

.13:

1-

9)

.

143

Ast

hesowerspread

hi

sorherseeds,somefel

latvar

i

ousbadpl

acesbutwi

t

ht

hepoweroft

heHol

y

143

Tri

shaEl

l

i

ot

,"ASowerWentOutt

oSow:Wel

comet

oOurSoci

alMedi

a

Bl

og,

"

ASowerWent

toSow

,Sept

ember15,2013,ht

t

p:

//asower

went

out

t

osow.

com/t

ag/r

ock-

t

he-

bi

bl

e/,(

accessed

August17,2015)

---

57

Spi

ri

tsomefel

longoodgrounds.Theonl

i

neorsoci

almedi

aevangel

i

stshoul

d

not

et

hatsoci

almedi

ahast

hepowert

or

eachbi

l

l

i

onsofpeopl

eal

lovert

he

worl

d.Ast

heGospelmessagei

ssentsomewi

l

lfal

longoodgroundsandsoul

s

wi

l

lbewoni

nt

ot

heKi

ngdom ofGod.

CHAPTERFI

VE

SUMMARY,CONCLUSI

ONANDRECOMMENDATI

ONS

5.

1Summary

Chri

st

i

ani

t

yovert

heyear

shasrel

i

edont

echnol

ogyi

nspreadi

ngt

heGospelof

JesusChri

stt

oal

lovert

hewor

l

d.

144

Mar

t

i

nLut

heradvancedt

hecauseof

Chri

st

i

ani

t

yt

hrought

hepr

i

nt

i

ngpr

essi

n1517t

opri

ntBi

bl

est

hefundament

al

bookf

orChri

st

i

ani

t

y.

145

Sar

ahHamakerasser

t

st

hat

t

het

el

evi

si

onandr

adi

ohasal

sobeenusedi

n

advanci

ngt

hecauseoft

heKi

ngdom OfGodal

lovert

heworl

d.

146

Throughout

t

hest

udy,soci

almedi

ahasbeenexami

nedusi

ngFacebookasaparadi

gm t

o

expl

or

ei

t

susesbyGhanai

anpast

or

sandhowi

ti

nfl

uencesevangel

i

sm.

Theresear

cherr

ecount

edt

heconceptofsoci

almedi

aandFacebookandi

t

s

pot

ent

i

alasat

oolf

orevangel

i

sm.Fur

t

her

mor

e,t

hest

udyexami

neddi

fferent

144

Wal

dschmi

dt

,"TheUseofFacebooki

nCongregat

i

onalEvangel

i

sm,

"2.

145

Wal

dschmi

dt

,"TheUseofFacebooki

nCongregat

i

onalEvangel

i

sm,

"2.

146

"Fr

om TheRadi

ot

oTheI

nt

er

net

:Chri

st

i

anBr

oadcast

i

ngat90"

Chr

i

st

i

anPostEnt

er

t

ai

nment

,

l

astmodi

f

i

edFebr

uary15,2011,ht

t

p:

//www.

chr

i

st

i

anpost

.

com/news/fr

om-

radi

o-

t

o-

t

he-

i

nt

ernet

-

chr

i

st

i

an-

broadcast

i

ng-

at

-

90-

48986/,(

accessedAugust17,2015)

---

58

ways Ghanai

an past

ors uses Facebook such as i

nspi

rat

i

onalmessages,

i

nvi

t

at

i

onofpr

ogrammes,brandi

ngoft

hei

ri

mage,evangel

i

st

i

cmessagesand

seeki

ngoffeedbackfr

om t

hei

rfol

l

ower

s.

Al

so,t

hest

udydi

scussedt

hepeopl

et

hatf

ol

l

owGhanai

anpast

orsonFacebook,

benefi

t

st

hatGhanai

anchur

chesenj

oyi

nusi

ngsoci

almedi

a,t

heusageof

FacebookbyGhanai

anpast

orsandi

t

scont

ri

but

i

ont

oevangel

i

sm andapl

anor

gui

del

i

newasdevel

opedt

oai

dsoci

almedi

aevangel

i

sm.

I

nsum,t

heresear

chr

eveal

st

heuseofFacebookbyGhanai

anpast

orscanhave

posi

t

i

vei

nfl

uenceonevangel

i

sm.

5.

2Concl

usi

on

I

nacri

t

i

calanal

ysi

s,t

her

ear

eanumberofi

mport

antconcl

usi

onst

hatcanbe

dr

awni

nrespectoft

heuseofFacebookbyGhanai

anpast

ors.I

nconsi

deri

ng

t

he obj

ect

i

ves oft

he st

udy,i

twas r

eveal

ed t

hatGhanai

an past

ors post

i

nspi

r

at

i

onalmessages,i

nvi

t

at

i

on ofpr

ogr

ammes,brandi

ng oft

hei

ri

mage,

evangel

i

st

i

cmessagesandseeki

ngoff

eedbackf

r

omt

hei

rfol

l

owers.

Al

so,t

her

ear

epeopl

efrom di

f

f

er

entbackgr

oundsandoccupat

i

onst

hatfol

l

ow

Ghanai

anpast

or

sonFacebook.Fur

t

her

mor

e,i

nr

esponset

owhyusersof

Facebookf

ol

l

ow Ghanai

anpast

or

s,i

tcamet

ol

i

ghtt

hati

nspi

rat

i

onfordai

l

y

act

i

vi

t

i

esandt

oknowpr

ogr

ammesor

gani

sedi

nor

dert

ot

akepart

.Agai

n,some

user

ssai

dt

heyfol

l

owGhanai

anpast

or

si

nor

dert

ouset

hei

rt

eachi

ngast

hei

r

dai

l

yqui

ett

i

me,att

hei

rwor

kpl

aces,becauseoft

hei

rbusyschedul

es.

---

59

Mor

eover,t

hest

udyhasreveal

edt

hatFacebookasaparadi

gm forsoci

almedi

a

usagehasal

otofbenef

i

t

sforchurchesofGhanai

anpast

orsandt

oi

mpactt

he

Ki

ngdom ofGod.Furt

hermor

e,i

tgi

vest

hechurcheveni

navi

l

l

ageagl

obal

voi

ce.Thati

s,soci

almedi

a gi

veschur

chest

heopport

uni

t

yt

o brand and

advert

i

set

hemsel

vesgl

obal

l

yeveni

ft

hechurchcannotaffordawebsi

t

ewhi

ch

hel

psi

nchurchmember

shi

pi

ncrease.Toaddup,soci

almedi

agi

vesachurch

t

hepot

ent

i

alt

oopendi

ff

er

entbr

anchesal

lovert

heworl

d.

Fur

t

hermor

e,t

hest

udyreveal

edt

hatFacebookhasaposi

t

i

vei

nfl

uenceon

evangel

i

sm andt

heGreatCommi

ssi

onatl

ar

ge.Aspast

orsadvert

i

set

hei

r

churchesandengagei

nt

heactofsendi

ngi

nspi

rat

i

onalmessages,fol

l

owers

endupgi

vi

ngt

hei

rl

i

vest

oJesus.

Fi

nal

l

y,t

her

esear

chpr

oposesasetof

fgui

del

i

nesf

orsoci

almedi

aevangel

i

sm.

5.

3Recommendat

i

ons

Thi

sst

udyhasr

eveal

edt

hatt

heact

i

vi

t

i

esofGhanai

anpast

orsarenotdi

rect

l

y

evangel

i

st

i

ci

n nat

urebutcont

r

i

but

et

o evangel

i

sm,churchesand past

ors

shoul

ddevel

opanat

t

i

t

udeofbecomi

ngevangel

i

st

i

csi

ncesoci

almedi

ai

sat

ool

t

hatcanhel

pful

f

i

l

lt

heGr

eatCommi

ssi

oni

nt

hi

sgenerat

i

on. Thati

smore

soci

almedi

aevangel

i

st

sar

eneededi

nGhana.

Al

so,t

hePent

ecost

al

,Or

t

hodoxandRomanCat

hol

i

cChurchesi

nGhanashoul

d

geti

nvol

vedi

nsoci

almedi

a,becausei

ti

sat

oolt

hatcanhel

pt

hei

rchur

chesi

n

---

60

di

versewaysandpromot

et

heGr

eatCommi

ssi

on. Mostoft

hei

ryout

hare

al

readyt

here,f

ol

l

owi

ngot

herchur

chesandpast

orssowhynotengaget

hem.

Theresearcher

,basedont

her

esponsescomi

ngfrom soci

almedi

aexpert

s,

l

ect

ur

ersi

n t

hefi

el

d ofcommuni

cat

i

on,fol

l

owersofGhanai

an past

orson

Facebookandschol

arsi

sproposi

ngapl

anforsoci

almedi

aevangel

i

sm.Of

courset

hi

spl

an hasnotbeen t

est

ed butcomesfrom t

heexperi

encesof

part

i

ci

pant

si

nt

hear

eaofsoci

almedi

at

her

ecanbeusedasagui

del

i

nefor

soci

almedi

aevangel

i

sm.

The chur

ch,past

orand t

he onl

i

ne evangel

i

stshoul

d deci

de on t

he

pl

at

formst

heywantt

oconcent

r

at

eonf

ort

hei

robj

ect

i

ves.

Getasoci

almedi

at

eamormanageri

nchargeoft

hepl

at

for

m(

s)

.

The t

eam ormanagershoul

d al

ways educat

e t

hemsel

ves on new

f

eat

uresaddedt

ot

hepl

at

f

or

msi

nor

dert

obeeff

ect

i

ve.

Thecont

entt

obepost

edshoul

dbevet

t

edandedi

t

edbyt

hepast

oror

churchadmi

ni

st

r

at

orbef

or

ei

ti

ssentt

ot

hepubl

i

consoci

almedi

a.

Messagesshoul

di

nspi

ret

hancondemnbecausei

nspi

rat

i

onbri

ngsal

ot

ofpeopl

et

or

epent

ancet

hancondemnat

i

ononsoci

almedi

a.

Feedbackmustbegi

vent

ocomment

sandquest

i

onsfrom fol

l

owerson

soci

almedi

a.

Lastbutnotl

east

,pr

ayershoul

dbet

hebackbonet

oeveryposteveryday.

---

61

Whi

l

et

hi

sst

udyexpl

oredt

heusageofFacebookbyGhanai

anpast

orsi

nGhana,

fut

ur

eresear

chshoul

dcont

i

nuet

oi

nvest

i

gat

ehowsoci

almedi

acanbeusedt

o

makemi

ni

st

rycommuni

cat

i

onmoreef

f

ect

i

venotj

ustl

ooki

ngatFacebookbut

ot

herpl

at

formssuchasTwi

t

t

er.

Agai

n,fut

ur

er

esearchcancont

i

nuet

oi

nvest

i

gat

et

heFacebookact

i

vi

t

i

esof

Ghanai

an past

or

s t

o compar

e t

he f

i

ndi

ngs t

o t

hi

s st

udy i

ft

he Facebook

act

i

vi

t

i

es ofGhanai

an past

or

s can be deemed general

i

zabl

e t

o a broad

popul

at

i

on.

Fi

nal

l

y,moreschol

ar

l

ymat

eri

al

saret

o bewri

t

t

en i

n Ghanat

o ai

d i

n t

he

academi

cworkandr

esear

chi

nt

hear

eaofsoci

almedi

a.

---

62

BI

BLI

OGRAPHY

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---

64

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bl

ogspot

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-

your-

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i

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be-

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Frequently asked questions

What is the document about?

This document appears to be a language preview from a publishing company, specifically related to a thesis or research paper analyzing the use of Facebook by Ghanaian pastors for evangelism. It includes a table of contents, chapter summaries, and keywords.

What is the table of contents in the language preview?

The table of contents includes the following chapters:

• 1. General Introduction (page 3)
• 2. The Emergence of Facebook and its Potential Usage for Evangelism in Christianity (page 25)
• 3. The Use of Facebook by Ghanaian Pastors (page 32)
• 4. Discussing the Usage of Facebook by Ghanaian Pastors and its Influence on Evangelism (page 43)
• 5. Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations (page 57)
• Bibliography (page 62)

What are some of the themes and topics discussed in Chapter 1: General Introduction?

Chapter 1 includes information on:

• The spread of the Gospel message since the coming of Jesus Christ.
• The "Great Commission" from Matthew 28:19-20 and Mark 16:15.
• The use of technology as a medium for spreading the Gospel through history, referencing St. Paul's letters and the printing press.
• Mention of Martin Luther and the Reformation.
• The role of social media in contemporary Christian ministry, referencing Just Wise.
• Examples of American televangelists who have used radio and television to impact the Gospel.
• The use of social media by pastors in Ghana.

What prominent figures and scriptures are mentioned?

The document mentions Jesus Christ, St. Paul, Martin Luther, and specifically references Matthew 28:19-20 and Mark 16:15.

What are some identified benefits and potential issues of using social media in ministry?

The benefits include increased outreach to specific demographics (youth), broader access to previously unreachable audiences (e.g., scattered diaspora), and the ability to maintain closer contact with existing church members, and an oppurtunity for pastors to have influence. A potential issue identified is the potential for messages to promote negative sentiments or judgment instead of love and inspiration.

What is the research methodology employed in the study?

The study employs a qualitative approach, using a phenomenological research design, in which data is collected through semi-structured interviews.

What are some key search terms for this work?

Key search terms include: Facebook, Ghanaian pastors, evangelism, social media ministry, digital Christianity, online church, and congregational connect"

• Note: 4.00
• Auteur: Mishael Ampofo Donkor (Auteur)
• Année de publication: 2017
• Pages: 69
• N° de catalogue: V375618
• ISBN (ebook): 9783668534667
• ISBN (Livre): 9783668534674
• Langue: anglais
• mots-clé: Evangelism, social media, Christian, theology, ghana