This paper deals with Epidemiology of oral cancer. Precancerous lesions and conditions, primary prevention, surgical management and other topics will be shown.
Oral cancer is one of the ten leading cancers in the world. Globally the age adjusted incidence rates for oral cancer in men varies from 2.2/100000 in Japan to 22.5/100000 in Brazil; and in women from 0.9/100000 in Japan to 17.2/100000 in Bangalore. In south East Asia, it is the leading cancer in males and the third leading cancer in females. For description the following subsites are included in oral cancers: lip.tongue,gum, floor of mouth, buccal mucosa palate and other parts of the mouth (ICD-0140,141,143,144,145)
There is considerable international, national, interethnic variation in the distribution of cancer in intraoral sites. Cancer of the buccal mucosa, lower alveolus and the retro molar trigone are grouped together as cancers of gingivo buccal complex and can be aptly called as the Indian oral cancer as they constitute 60% of all oral cancer in India. Tongue and floor of mouth cancers form the bulk of oral cancers in the west.
Table of Contents
- 1: Epidemiology of oral cancer
- Oral cancer: world scenario
- Magnitude of cancer in India
- Oral cancer in India: Magnitude of the problem
- Time trends
- Natural history
- ORAL CANCER CONTROL
Objectives and Key Themes
The main objective of this text is to provide an overview of the epidemiology of oral cancer, specifically focusing on the Indian context. It aims to highlight the magnitude of the problem, explore the natural history of the disease, and discuss strategies for prevention and control.
- Global epidemiology of oral cancer and its variation across regions.
- The high burden of oral cancer in India and its regional distribution.
- The natural history of oral cancer, including precancerous lesions.
- Prevention strategies focusing on tobacco control and chemoprevention.
- Secondary prevention through early detection and treatment.
Chapter Summaries
1: Epidemiology of oral cancer: This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of oral cancer epidemiology globally and in India. It details the global incidence rates, highlighting the significant variations between countries and regions. The chapter emphasizes the alarmingly high prevalence of oral cancer in India, particularly focusing on the specific sub-sites affected within the oral cavity, such as the buccal mucosa, lower alveolus and retro molar trigone. The Indian scenario is contrasted with global data, underscoring the need for targeted interventions. The chapter also delves into the natural history of oral cancer, discussing the role of precancerous lesions like leukoplakia and erythroplakia, and their malignant transformation rates, which vary with age. This information is presented as crucial for developing effective screening programs. The analysis of time trends in incidence rates, while noting a slight reduction in buccal mucosa cancer in some regions, indicates a continued need for sustained intervention strategies.
ORAL CANCER CONTROL: This chapter focuses on strategies for controlling oral cancer, emphasizing the crucial role of primary prevention. It underscores the causal link between tobacco use and oral cancer and proposes tobacco behavior modification as the most cost-effective approach. The chapter explores chemoprevention, discussing the use of Vitamin A and beta-carotene. However, it acknowledges the limitations of prescription-based chemoprophylaxis in India due to socioeconomic factors, advocating instead for dietary modulation. The chapter then addresses secondary prevention, highlighting the importance of early detection through community awareness campaigns, professional training, and effective utilization of health workers and volunteers for early detection and surveillance. The chapter concludes by outlining outcome measures for successful intervention, emphasizing the potential for increased survival rates and reduced morbidity and mortality.
Keywords
Oral cancer, epidemiology, India, tobacco, chemoprevention, early detection, prevention, precancerous lesions, leukoplakia, erythroplakia, incidence rates, risk factors, public health.
Frequently Asked Questions: A Comprehensive Language Preview of Oral Cancer in India
What is the main focus of this text?
This text provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology of oral cancer, with a particular emphasis on the Indian context. It examines the magnitude of the problem in India, explores the natural history of the disease, and discusses strategies for prevention and control.
What key themes are covered in this text?
Key themes include the global and regional epidemiology of oral cancer, the high burden of the disease in India and its regional distribution, the natural history of oral cancer including precancerous lesions, prevention strategies focusing on tobacco control and chemoprevention, and secondary prevention through early detection and treatment.
What is covered in the chapter on the epidemiology of oral cancer?
This chapter offers a detailed analysis of oral cancer epidemiology globally and in India. It compares global incidence rates, highlighting variations between countries and regions. It emphasizes the high prevalence of oral cancer in India, specifying affected sub-sites within the oral cavity. The chapter also examines the natural history of oral cancer, including precancerous lesions like leukoplakia and erythroplakia, and analyzes time trends in incidence rates.
What strategies for oral cancer control are discussed?
The chapter on oral cancer control focuses on primary prevention, highlighting the link between tobacco use and oral cancer and advocating for tobacco behavior modification. Chemoprevention, including the use of Vitamin A and beta-carotene, is discussed, along with the limitations of prescription-based methods in India. The chapter also covers secondary prevention, emphasizing early detection through community awareness campaigns and the utilization of health workers and volunteers.
What are the key takeaways regarding prevention and control?
The text strongly emphasizes the importance of primary prevention, particularly tobacco control and behavior modification, as the most cost-effective approach. Secondary prevention through early detection and community-based screening programs is also highlighted as crucial for improving outcomes.
What are the key words associated with this text?
Key words include: Oral cancer, epidemiology, India, tobacco, chemoprevention, early detection, prevention, precancerous lesions, leukoplakia, erythroplakia, incidence rates, risk factors, and public health.
What is the overall objective of this text?
The main objective is to provide a thorough understanding of oral cancer epidemiology in India, highlighting the scale of the problem, the disease's progression, and effective strategies for prevention and control.
- Quote paper
- Vinod Nair Sreekumar (Author), Dr. Anjana Ravindran (Author), Dr. Babu Mathew (Author), 2017, Epidemiology of oral cancer. Precancerous lesions and conditions, primary prevention and surgical management, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/378228
