Dementia is a multifaceted syndrome with a significant public health, social, and economic burden; there are forty-four million people affected by the disease worldwide according to the most recent estimate.The number is projected to double by the year 2030 and to triple by 2050.
Alzheimer's disease (AD, or type-3 diabetes mellitus) and vascular dementia are the most common forms of dementia. Lifestyle risk factors including obesity and type 2 diabetes increase the risk for the development of both vascular and nonvascular dementia in later life. Previous literature reported that people with diabetes mellitus had 70% greater risk for dementia development.Traditionally, type-2 diabetes and AD (type-3 diabetes) have been thought as independent disorders; recent literature suggests possible links that could lead to common effective modalities of treatment. Furthermore, the highly innervated pancreas shares many features with the brain at molecular levels.
Metformin is recommended as the first line for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus due to its effectiveness, favorable effects on lipids and cardiovascular risks, and safety profile.The previous restriction of the use of metformin in patients with the moderate renal disease is loosened by the Food and Drug Organization(5,6). Thus the use of this valuable and affordable drug is expected to increase.
The American Diabetes Association recommended the periodic measurement of vitamin B12 and supplementation as needed to reflect the recent evidence showing the association of long-term use of metformin and B12 deficiency.Although the role of vitamin B12 deficiency in the development of dementia is well-established, the role of metformin in B12 deficiency and dementia remain to be elucidated.
Insulin resistance is considered as a primary factor for the association of diabetes mellitus and dementia. However, the role of insulin sensitizer in the prevention of dementia remains unclear.Furthermore, there is an increasing concern about the role of metformin in cognitive disorders.Thus we conducted this narrative review, in this study we reviewed the literature to assess the interaction of Alzheimer's disease, the gut, and its microbiome, and to assess the role of metformin and other drugs used for type 1&2 diabetes mellitus as possible therapies for the AD. The role of microbiota and fecal transplantation on cognitive disorders was also discussed.
Inhaltsverzeichnis (Table of Contents)
- Introduction
- Prevalence &Pathogenesis of type 3 diabetes mellitus
- Proposed Treatment for type 3 diabetes (AD)
- Metformin and type 3 diabetes mellitus
- The intestinal microbiota and type 3 diabetes mellitus
- Probiotics, gut microbiota, and Alzheimer's disease
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
- References
- Abbreviations
Zielsetzung und Themenschwerpunkte (Objectives and Key Themes)
This review aims to assess the interaction between Alzheimer's disease, the gut and its microbiome, and to evaluate the potential of metformin and other drugs used for type 1&2 diabetes mellitus as possible therapies for AD. Additionally, the review explores the role of microbiota and fecal transplantation in cognitive disorders.
- The link between type 2 diabetes, type 3 diabetes (Alzheimer's disease), and the gut microbiota
- The potential of metformin as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease
- The role of the intestinal microbiota in Alzheimer's disease
- The impact of probiotics and fecal transplantation on cognitive function
- The implications of vitamin B12 deficiency in the context of metformin use and dementia
Zusammenfassung der Kapitel (Chapter Summaries)
- Introduction: This chapter provides an overview of dementia and its prevalence, emphasizing the growing burden of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It highlights the potential link between type 2 diabetes and AD, suggesting a shared pathway for effective treatment strategies. The chapter also introduces metformin as a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, discussing its potential applications in managing AD.
- Prevalence &Pathogenesis of type 3 diabetes mellitus: This chapter delves into the characteristics of dementia, specifically focusing on Alzheimer's disease (AD) as the most prevalent form. It explores the role of glucose regulation in brain function and discusses how disruptions in this balance can lead to metabolic compromise and the development of diabetes, including AD. The chapter also highlights the increasing incidence of AD among older adults, linking it to the rise in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
- Proposed Treatment for type 3 diabetes (AD): This chapter explores various treatment strategies proposed for Alzheimer's disease, including potential applications of metformin and other medications commonly used for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It further discusses the possible role of insulin sensitizers in preventing dementia.
Schlüsselwörter (Keywords)
This review focuses on the intersection of type 2 diabetes, type 3 diabetes (Alzheimer's disease), gut microbiota, metformin, probiotics, fecal transplantation, cognitive disorders, and vitamin B12 deficiency.
- Quote paper
- Hyder Mirghani (Author), 2017, The interaction of type 2 diabetes, type 3 diabetes (Alzheimer's disease), and the gut microbiota, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/383683
