Although the use of children in warfare is not a recent issue, child soldiering has received increasing attention throughout the past two decades. This trend led to a rapid increase of literary works that deal with the topic of child soldiers, both fictional and autobiographical. The topic of child soldiers often goes hand in hand with the topic of trauma and traumatization. Repeated exposure to overwhelming danger and life-threatening experiences can leave children with severe mental ill-health such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and personality changes. Literary works draw attention to the relationship between child soldiers and trauma as well as to the difficult relationship between trauma and representability in this context. This analysis attempts to contribute to the literary research of how trauma is represented in child soldier literature and to increase awareness of this topic on an academic level.
As this analysis is meant to make a small contribution to the literary research on child soldier literature, it merely focuses on two narrations: Uzodinma Iweala's Beasts of No Nation (2006) and Emmanuel Jal's Warchild (2009). These two books were chosen based on the great differences of both the narrations and the authors'background. Beasts of No Nation (BoNN) tells a fictional story, whereas Warchild is an autobiography. Uzodinma Iweala is an African American writer with Nigerian roots and BoNN can be seen as a postmodern novel as it uses various postmodern and experimental narrative techniques. Emmanuel Jal (Jal), in contrast, was born and raised in Sudan and fought as a child soldier. Warchild is an autobiography about his life as a child soldier, before and afterwards. It mostly uses traditional narrative forms to recount Jal's experiences. Based on these differences, the two books can serve as good examples of how trauma can be represented in child soldier literature...
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 2. What is Trauma?
- 2.1 Definition
- 2.2 Traumatic Memory
- 3. Theoretical Framework - Trauma in Literature
- 3.1 Trauma and Literary Studies
- 3.2 Trauma Fiction
- 3.3 Autobiography: Trauma, Truth and Public Response
- 3.4 Trauma Theory and Postcolonial Literary Studies
- 4. Introduction to Child Soldiers
- 5. Trauma in Uzodinma Iweala's Beasts of No Nations
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Beasts of No Nation as Trauma Fiction
- 5.3 The Impact of War and Trauma on Agu's Identity – His Struggle for Humanity
- 5.4 The Representation of Trauma in Beasts of No Nation
- 6. Trauma in Emmanuel Jal's Warchild
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Warchild as Autobiography
- 6.3 The Impact of War and Trauma on Jal's Identity – His Need for Revenge
- 6.3.1 Reasons of Jal becoming a Child Soldier
- 6.3.2 Being an actual Child Soldier
- 6.4 The Representation of Trauma in Warchild
- 6.4.1 The Representation of Traumatic Events
- 6.4.2 Leaving the Armed Group – Acting out
- 6.4.3 Working through his Trauma
- 7. Discussion
- 7.1 Trauma Fiction versus Autobiography
- 7.2 Similarities and Differences of the Circumstances and Main Protagonists – Identity Struggle in the Books
- 7.3 The Representation of Traumatic Experiences in Beasts of No Nation and Warchild
- 7.4 Testimony and Social Activism in Warchild and Beasts of No Nation
- 7.5 European Trauma Theory and Postcolonialism in Warchild and Beasts of No Nation
Objectives and Key Themes
This analysis aims to contribute to the limited literary research on the representation of trauma in literature focusing on child soldiers. It compares two narratives—Uzodinma Iweala's fictional Beasts of No Nation and Emmanuel Jal's autobiographical Warchild—to explore how different narrative forms impact the depiction of trauma. The study investigates whether the chosen narrative forms influence the representation of trauma and examines the formal structures and narrative techniques used.
- Representation of trauma in child soldier literature
- Comparison of fictional and autobiographical accounts of trauma
- Influence of narrative form on trauma representation
- Impact of war and trauma on the identity of child soldiers
- Examination of existing literary trauma theories in relation to child soldier narratives
Chapter Summaries
1. Introduction: This chapter introduces the growing global concern regarding child soldiers, particularly in Africa, and the subsequent rise in literary works addressing this issue, both fictional and autobiographical. It highlights the frequent connection between child soldiering and trauma, emphasizing the scarcity of academic research on the representation of trauma within this specific literary context. The analysis focuses on Beasts of No Nation and Warchild, chosen for their contrasting narrative styles (fiction vs. autobiography) and authors' backgrounds, to explore how trauma is represented in these diverse contexts.
2. What is Trauma?: This chapter provides a concise definition of trauma, primarily focusing on the official definition of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and exploring the complexities of traumatic memory. It delves into the concepts of Nachträglichkeit (deferred action) and the distinctions between traumatic memory (invariable, inflexible, lacking a social component) and narrative memory (adaptive, flexible, possessing a social aspect), highlighting the crucial role of language and narration in healing trauma.
3. Theoretical Framework - Trauma in Literature: This chapter examines various literary trauma theories, starting with Cathy Caruth's work, which posits that trauma is amnesiac, unspeakable, and best witnessed through fiction. It then explores the contributions of Felman and Laub on testimony and witnessing, and LaCapra's concepts of denial, acting-out, and working-through trauma. Finally, it contrasts these perspectives with Joshua Pederson's critique of Caruth and his alternative framework, highlighting the importance of narrative detail and temporal distortion in representing trauma.
4. Introduction to Child Soldiers: This chapter offers a definition of child soldiers, encompassing various roles beyond combatants, and explores the reasons behind the prevalent use of children in armed conflicts, including their vulnerability, accessibility, and ease of manipulation. It differentiates between reluctant child combatants and those who embrace their roles, noting the impact of training and drug use on their psychological development and moral compass.
5. Trauma in Uzodinma Iweala's Beasts of No Nations: This chapter analyzes Beasts of No Nation, focusing on its portrayal of Agu's experiences as a child soldier. It examines the novel's use of trauma fiction techniques—intertextuality, temporal disjunction, repetition, and experimental narrative techniques—to represent Agu's traumatic experiences, highlighting his identity struggle between his moral self and his soldier persona, the dehumanization he endures, and his symptoms of trauma.
6. Trauma in Emmanuel Jal's Warchild: This chapter analyzes Warchild, focusing on Jal's autobiographical account of his experiences as a child soldier. It discusses the narrative structure and techniques, emphasizing the chronological order and the author's use of introspection and self-reflection. The chapter explores the impact of war and trauma on Jal's identity, focusing on his reasons for joining the SPLA, his experiences as a soldier, and his path towards working through his trauma through faith, music, and ultimately, public testimony.
7. Discussion: This chapter compares and contrasts Beasts of No Nation and Warchild, focusing on the narrative techniques, the representation of trauma, the protagonists' experiences, and the implications for literary trauma theory and postcolonial studies. It examines the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, highlighting the different ways in which each narrative represents the complexities of trauma in child soldier experiences.
Keywords
Child soldiers, trauma, PTSD, trauma fiction, autobiography, postcolonial literature, Beasts of No Nation, Warchild, identity, dehumanization, violence, war, revenge, healing, testimony, social activism, literary trauma theory, postcolonial trauma theory.
Frequently Asked Questions: Analysis of Trauma in Child Soldier Narratives (Beasts of No Nation & Warchild)
What is the main focus of this analysis?
This analysis examines the representation of trauma in literature focusing on child soldiers. It compares Uzodinma Iweala's fictional Beasts of No Nation and Emmanuel Jal's autobiographical Warchild to explore how different narrative forms impact the depiction of trauma.
What are the key themes explored in the analysis?
Key themes include the representation of trauma in child soldier literature, a comparison of fictional and autobiographical accounts of trauma, the influence of narrative form on trauma representation, the impact of war and trauma on the identity of child soldiers, and an examination of existing literary trauma theories in relation to child soldier narratives.
What theoretical frameworks are used in the analysis?
The analysis draws upon various literary trauma theories, including the work of Cathy Caruth, Felman and Laub, LaCapra, and Joshua Pederson. It considers concepts like traumatic memory, narrative memory, deferred action (Nachträglichkeit), denial, acting-out, and working-through trauma.
How does the analysis compare Beasts of No Nation and Warchild?
The analysis compares and contrasts the two narratives, focusing on their narrative techniques (fiction vs. autobiography), the representation of trauma, the protagonists' experiences (Agu in Beasts of No Nation and Emmanuel Jal in Warchild), and the implications for literary trauma theory and postcolonial studies. It examines how the chosen narrative forms influence the representation of trauma and the formal structures and narrative techniques used.
What are the key findings regarding the representation of trauma in each book?
In Beasts of No Nation, the analysis explores the novel's use of trauma fiction techniques—intertextuality, temporal disjunction, repetition, and experimental narrative techniques—to represent Agu's traumatic experiences. In Warchild, the analysis focuses on the autobiographical account's chronological order, introspection, and self-reflection, examining Jal's path towards working through his trauma.
What is the significance of the chosen narrative forms (fiction vs. autobiography)?
The analysis investigates how the different narrative forms (fiction and autobiography) impact the depiction of trauma. It examines whether the chosen narrative forms influence the representation of trauma and explores the strengths and weaknesses of each approach in representing the complexities of trauma in child soldier experiences.
What aspects of identity are explored in the analysis?
The analysis explores the impact of war and trauma on the identity of child soldiers, focusing on the identity struggles of both Agu and Jal. It examines how their experiences shape their sense of self and their moral compass.
How do the books address themes of postcolonialism and European trauma theory?
The analysis examines the relevance of European trauma theory and postcolonial perspectives to the narratives, considering how these theoretical lenses can illuminate the representation of trauma within the specific context of child soldiers in Africa.
What are the key takeaways from the analysis?
The analysis contributes to the limited literary research on the representation of trauma in literature focusing on child soldiers. It offers valuable insights into how different narrative forms shape the depiction of trauma and its impact on the identities of child soldiers, enriching our understanding of this important topic.
What are the keywords associated with this analysis?
Child soldiers, trauma, PTSD, trauma fiction, autobiography, postcolonial literature, Beasts of No Nation, Warchild, identity, dehumanization, violence, war, revenge, healing, testimony, social activism, literary trauma theory, postcolonial trauma theory.
- Citation du texte
- Anne-Karen Fischer (Auteur), 2017, In-between Fact and Fiction. Representing the Traumatization of Child Soldiers in Uzodinma Iweala's "Beasts of No Nation" and Emmanuel "Jal's Warchild", Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/383702
