Gallic acid is showed best results from fermentation process than extraction process due to biotransformation. In this research, the highest concentration of gallic acid was observed to be 8.7 to 9.0 microgram/ml from the soxhlet extraction and column chromatography process, and the concentration was increased to 9.7 microgram/ml from the fermentation process by Bacillus cereus species. The fermented extracts are showed with the maximum specific growth rate and the maximum yield factor (Yx/s) of Bacillus cereus are 0.3541 hr-1 and 0.234 microgram/ml. The non fermented extracts are showed the modelling equation for the quercetin yield extract was Es = 0.0721(1 - e-0.2867t). The model allowed good accordance with the experimental data by producing average absolute relative deviation from about 9.78 percent.
Keywords: Terminalia species, Gallic acid, Fermentation, Extraction, Bacillus cereus
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Litterature Review
3. Material and Methods
4. Experimental Procedure
5. Results
6. Discussion
7. Conclusion
8. References
Research Objectives and Themes
This research project aims to enhance the production efficiency of gallic acid from the leaves of various Terminalia species (Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia bellirica, and Terminalia chebula) by comparing traditional soxhlet extraction methods with microbial fermentation using Bacillus cereus. The study seeks to optimize extraction parameters and model the kinetics of product formation to establish a more effective biotransformation pathway for industrial applications.
- Optimization of Terminalia species leaf composition ratios for maximum gallic acid yield.
- Evaluation of solvent-based extraction vs. fermentation processes.
- Application of kinetics and mathematical modeling for gallic acid extraction.
- Analysis of specific growth rates and yield factors of Bacillus cereus.
Excerpt from the Book
ii. Soxhlet Extraction Process
18 grams of composition of powder (9gm Terminalia arjuna : 6gm Terminalia bellirica : 3gm Terminalia chebula) were placed with care in the thimble and fixed firmly to the condenser. About 150ml of ethanol solvent, taken in the round bottom flask. The total apparatus were positioned in the heater and a temperature not more than the boiling point of the solvent was maintained. Using the soxhlet apparatus [9] facilitated the process of continuous extraction was for a period of 8hr which ultimately resulted in the collection of 1.0 ml of crude extract from every 1hr used for gallic acid determination.
Summary of Chapters
Introduction: Provides a botanical and pharmacological overview of Terminalia species (T. arjuna, T. bellirica, and T. chebula) and the chemical properties of gallic acid.
Litterature Review: Surveys existing research on the medicinal use of Terminalia species, the Triphala formulation, and various microbial methods for gallic acid production.
Material and Methods: Details the preparation of plant materials and the analytical methods used, including spectrophotometry and specific chemical reagents for estimation.
Experimental Procedure: Describes the systematic approach to extraction ratios, the soxhlet extraction setup, and the fermentation process using Bacillus cereus.
Results: Presents the data on optimal extraction ratios and the comparative findings between extraction and fermentation processes, supported by mathematical models.
Discussion: Interprets the findings, analyzing why fermentation yields higher concentrations of gallic acid compared to extraction methods.
Conclusion: Synthesizes the results, confirming that fermentation by Bacillus cereus provides superior gallic acid yields due to biotransformation.
References: Lists the academic sources and previous studies cited throughout the research project.
Keywords
Terminalia species, Gallic acid, Fermentation, Extraction, Bacillus cereus, Tannase, Biotransformation, Phytochemicals, Soxhlet, Kinetic modeling, Biomass, Substrate consumption, Triphala, Tannic acid, Medicinal plants
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core focus of this research project?
The project investigates the extraction and fermentation processes required to produce high yields of gallic acid from the leaves of specific Terminalia medicinal plant species.
What are the primary thematic fields covered?
The themes include plant biotechnology, microbial fermentation, kinetic modeling of chemical processes, and the pharmacological potential of traditional medicinal herbal formulations.
What is the primary goal of the study?
The primary goal is to determine the most effective method for maximizing gallic acid concentration, specifically comparing standard extraction processes with biotransformation via Bacillus cereus.
Which scientific methods are utilized?
The study employs soxhlet extraction, column chromatography for purification, microbial fermentation using Bacillus cereus, and spectrophotometric analysis to measure yields.
What does the main body of the work cover?
It covers the experimental procedures for plant material preparation, the comparison of extraction solvents, the setup of fermentation parameters, and the calculation of growth kinetics and yield factors.
Which keywords characterize this work?
Key terms include Terminalia species, Gallic acid, Fermentation, Extraction, Bacillus cereus, Tannase, and Kinetic modeling.
Why is Bacillus cereus used in this process?
Bacillus cereus is utilized because it produces the enzyme tannase, which effectively catalyzes the biotransformation of tannic acid into gallic acid, thereby increasing the final yield.
What was the optimal weight ratio identified for extraction?
The experimental results identified the 3:2:1 ratio (Terminalia arjuna:Terminalia bellirica:Terminalia chebula) as the optimal combination for the highest concentration of gallic acid.
How does the fermentation process compare to soxhlet extraction?
Fermentation demonstrated superior results, yielding 9.7 µg/ml of gallic acid, whereas the soxhlet extraction and column chromatography process yielded lower concentrations of approximately 9.0 µg/ml.
What is the significance of the mathematical model in this study?
The mathematical model helps describe the transport of gallic acid from the plant leaves to the solvent and validates experimental data by calculating the Average Absolute Relative Deviation (AARD).
- Quote paper
- Surya Prakash (Author), 2018, The Extraction and Fermentation Process of Gallic Acid from Composition of Terminalia Species Leaves, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/419298
