It is shown that there may exist at least two different forms of dark matter fashioned from existing baryonic matter, specifically, neutrons. The structures developed are considerably more massive than the number of particles from which they are formed and are argued to be candidates for dark matter since they have no electrical charge, no electrons, hence no chemistry and no photonic emission. They can only interact with each other and other baryons through the agency of gravity. Further, one of the forms is much more likely to clump than the other and raises the possibility that there are large-scale formations of different types of the substance, one of which may more easily be disrupted than the other.
This may present further challenges for astronomical experimenters in the task of observing and identifying dark matter, for, on a large scale the distribution of dark matter within, for example, a galaxy may be unique to that constellation. In addition, detection of these structures on a small scale, by the usual method of collision with other matter, may be rendered difficult, if not impossible, for the structures can only be accelerated to high speeds by interacting with intense gravitational fields.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Frequency intervals
The shape of nucleons and the quark cylinder.
The quark crystal
The equivalent masses of the cylinder and crystal structures.
Discussion
References
Research Objectives and Themes
This work aims to propose a theoretical model of dark matter as an exotic combination of existing baryonic matter, specifically neutrons, which possess greater mass than their constituents while lacking electrical charge or photonic emission. The research explores whether these structures, formed under extreme gravitational conditions at the inception of the universe, can explain the presence of dark matter without requiring the discovery of new particles.
- Theoretical modeling of neutron-based dark matter structures.
- Calculation of frequency intervals related to dark matter and baryonic matter formation.
- Geometric analysis of deformed nucleon shapes (cylinders and crystals).
- Estimation of the effective masses of these proposed structures.
- Investigation into the large-scale clustering behavior of different dark matter forms.
Excerpt from the Book
The shape of nucleons and the quark cylinder.
The Standard Model of particle physics regards the nucleons to be of spherical shape. In the case, specifically of the proton and neutron, it is more correct to say that the quarks, of which these particles are composed are constrained within a spherical envelope.
In keeping with the assertions in [4] we posit that during the initial stage of the dark matter frequency interval, which we will show should be positioned at the inception of the universe, baryonic matter, wholly in the form of atomic hydrogen was produced. It is in the extreme compression of this matter that it is converted completely into neutrons which are subsequently deformed into the elements of the structures proposed for dark matter.
Montgomery and Jeffrey [6], propose that the nucleons are not spherical but exist in the form of triangular ovoids with a quark at each vertex. Whilst their work is principally concerned with the structure of the atomic nucleus and attributes structure to the arrangements of the electrical charges of the quarks, it is extended here to describe possible candidates for dark matter.
Given that the initial shape of the neutron is that of a triangular ovoid, then, under the extreme conditions at the inception of the universe we posit that, in the limit, the triangular ovoid may be deformed into a plane equilateral triangle, as shown in Fig1.
Summary of Chapters
Introduction: Provides the historical context of dark matter research and introduces the hypothesis that dark matter consists of exotic neutron combinations.
Frequency intervals: Examines vacuum modes and frequency intervals to establish a timeline for the formation of dark and baryonic matter.
The shape of nucleons and the quark cylinder: Explores the geometric deformation of neutrons into non-spherical shapes, proposing the cylinder as a candidate structure.
The quark crystal: Describes a secondary structure, the "quark crystal," formed by the aggregation of triangular neutron units.
The equivalent masses of the cylinder and crystal structures: Calculates the effective masses of the cylindrical and crystal structures in relation to the mass of a baryon.
Discussion: Synthesizes findings, suggesting that two distinct forms of dark matter likely exist and complicating their detection.
References: Lists the academic and scientific sources utilized for the development of the provided model.
Key Terms
Dark matter, baryonic matter, neutrons, nucleons, quark cylinder, quark crystal, vacuum mode, frequency intervals, inception of the universe, mass density, electrical charge, gravitational fields, particle physics, geometric deformation, cluster formations.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core focus of this publication?
The publication focuses on a theoretical framework suggesting that dark matter is not a new fundamental particle, but rather a structural transformation of existing baryonic matter (neutrons) occurring at the beginning of the universe.
What are the primary thematic fields covered?
The work integrates cosmology, particle physics, and theoretical geometry, specifically focusing on nucleon shapes and the evolution of vacuum energy.
What is the main objective of the research?
The goal is to demonstrate that neutron-based structures (cylinders and crystals) can account for dark matter properties such as the lack of charge and photonic emission while possessing significant mass.
Which scientific methods are employed?
The author uses mathematical modeling, specifically analyzing frequency intervals and energy density ratios derived from vacuum models and established cosmological data like the WMAP probe findings.
What content is explored in the main body?
The main body details the theoretical deformation of neutrons into triangular, cylindrical, and crystalline configurations, alongside calculations regarding their mass-energy equivalents.
Which keywords characterize this work?
The work is characterized by terms such as dark matter, quark cylinder, quark crystal, baryonic matter, and cosmological inception.
How does the cylinder structure relate to dark matter candidates?
The cylinder structure is proposed as a candidate because its geometric configuration results in zero net electrical charge and an inability to emit photons, effectively rendering it invisible like dark matter.
Why is the "quark crystal" expected to cluster more easily than the cylinder?
The author notes that an inspection of the crystal's shape indicates that clumping is highly probable, which contrasts with the cylinder structure and suggests a potential diversity in large-scale dark matter formations.
- Citation du texte
- William Fidler (Auteur), 2018, Dark Matter. New Structures, Old Particles, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/431389
