The emphasis of this study is on social timing during parent-child interaction in a real-life environment in preschoolers with ASD. As an additional feature, the children and adults in this sample received Musical Intervention Therapy (MIT) in North Wales in the United Kingdom (UK). This allows comparison of interaction with music (hereafter referred to as 'Music') and without music ('Interaction') within an MIT setting.
Timing plays a vital role in communication. It allows perception and coordination of communication tools such as speech, facial expressions, and body language. For example, neurotypical individuals naturally sense when it is their turn to speak, and use pauses to emphasise or alter the meaning of what they are trying to convey. When timing is optimal and communication flows evenly, people remain largely unaware of its importance. On the contrary, erratic timing is noticed immediately. For example, when the audio or video transmission during a Skype-conversation lags behind, one can still carry on with his or her conversation but it becomes harder to read social cues and communication becomes tedious.
Scholars refer to this type of timing as 'social timing'. Its role is to structure and organise the timing of verbal and non-verbal communication tools. Social timing is further split into the temporal organisation of our own body language and speech ('intrapersonal') and that between self and other ('interpersonal').
Social timing in parent-infant interaction plays a key role for long-term development of communication and social skills. The pioneers of developmental social timing studies focused on describing rhythmicity of pre-verbal communication in the 1970s. A decade later, advances in statistical methods allowed examination of intra- and interpersonal timing, which can be cyclical and synchronous respectively.
Table of Contents
1 General introduction
1.1 Context
1.2 Problem statement
1.3 Aim and objectives
1.4 Scope
1.5 Research questions
1.6 Significance of this study
1.7 Definitions of terms and key concepts
1.8 Thesis structure
2 Social timing in young children with and without ASD
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Background to social timing
2.2.1 The role of timing in communication and development
2.2.2 Defining social timing
2.2.3 Related but different uses of 'synchrony'
2.3 Social timing from a developmental perspective
2.3.1 Which developments lead up to synchrony?
2.3.2 What is the significance of synchrony for later development?
2.4 Social timing in ASD
2.4.1 Social and communication deficits in children with ASD
2.4.2 Timing explanations of ASD
2.4.3 Timing in ASD
2.4.4 Social timing in ASD
2.4.5 Intrapersonal timing in ASD
2.4.6 Interpersonal timing in ASD
2.5 Summary and conclusion
3 Studying social timing
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Introduction to social timing methods
3.2.1 Fully automated methods
3.2.2 Non-computational methods
3.3 Studying social timing in ASD
3.3.1 Studies using automated analysis
3.3.2 Studies using micro-analysis
3.3.3 Studies using global analysis
3.4 Monadic Phases
3.4.1 Theoretical background
3.4.2 Participants of MP studies
3.4.3 Experimental set-up
3.4.4 Coding of Monadic Phases
3.4.5 Statistical analysis of Monadic Phases
3.4.6 Validity, inter-rater agreement and reliability
3.5 Summary and conclusion
4 Methods
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Choice and justification of methods
4.2.1 Population and sample
4.2.2 Data analytic approach
4.2.3 Adaptation of research instrument
4.3 Adaptation of Monadic Phases
4.3.1 Draft 1
4.3.2 Draft 2: Monadic Phases 2.0
4.3.3 Conclusion on Monadic Phase adaptation
4.4 Method
4.4.1 Participants
4.4.2 Setting and apparatus
4.4.3 Ethical approval
4.4.4 Procedures
4.4.5 Data analysis plan
4.5 Summary
5 Results
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Preliminary analyses
5.2.1 Suitability
5.2.2 Stationarity
5.3 Cyclicity and synchrony
5.3.1 Cyclicity
5.3.2 Coherence
5.3.3 Synchrony
5.4 Summary
6 Discussion
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Answering the research questions
6.2.1 Cyclicity
6.2.2 Synchrony
6.3 Unexpected findings
6.3.1 Music enhances social timing in ASD
6.3.2 No change over time
6.4 Evaluating the chosen approach
6.4.1 Terminology
6.4.2 Study design
6.4.3 Data analysis
6.4.4 Adaptation of coding scheme
6.4.5 Comparability with other studies
7 Conclusion
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Key findings
7.3 Contributions and limitations
7.4 Beyond this study
Research Goals and Objectives
The primary aim of this thesis is to investigate social timing in preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) to determine if they engage in cyclical and synchronous dyadic interactions, particularly in the presence of musical support. The research seeks to overcome previous methodological limitations by adapting a micro-analytic approach—Monadic Phases—to quantify cyclicity and synchrony parameters in this specific demographic, ultimately contributing to the evidence base for clinical interventions.
- Examination of cyclicity and synchrony performance in children with ASD compared to neurotypical development.
- Evaluation of the impact of music on social timing parameters within an intervention setting.
- Methodological development and validation of an adapted Monadic Phase coding scheme for preschoolers.
- Critical analysis of social timing as a contributor to communication and social interaction difficulties in ASD.
- Provision of empirical evidence to inform future research and clinical practices for early childhood ASD support.
Extract from the Book
1.1 Context
Timing plays a vital role in communication. It allows perception and coordination of communication tools such as speech, facial expressions, and body language. For example, neurotypical individuals naturally sense when it is their turn to speak, and use pauses to emphasise or alter the meaning of what they are trying to convey. When timing is optimal and communication flows evenly, people remain largely unaware of its importance. On the contrary, erratic timing is noticed immediately. For example, when the audio or video transmission during a Skype-conversation lags behind, one can still carry on with his or her conversation but it becomes harder to read social cues and communication becomes tedious.
Scholars refer to this type of timing as 'social timing'. Its role is to structure and organise the timing of verbal and non-verbal communication tools. Social timing is further split into the temporal organisation of our own body language and speech ('intrapersonal') and that between self and other ('interpersonal').
Social timing in parent-infant interaction plays a key role for long-term development of communication and social skills (e.g. Feldman, 2007b; Feldman & Eidelman, 2004). The pioneers of developmental social timing studies focused on describing rhythmicity of pre-verbal communication in the 1970s. A decade later, advances in statistical methods allowed examination of intra- and interpersonal timing, which can be cyclical and synchronous respectively.
Evidence of emerging social timing is already present in neonates and young infants. Cyclical and synchronous social timing patterns emerge long before a child develops language, and are stimulated during parent-infant interactions and 'social games'. Further evidence for the importance of early social timing skills stems from studies on children or parents at risk.
Summary of Chapters
1 General introduction: This chapter provides the research context, problem statement, and objectives, highlighting the gap in knowledge regarding social timing in children with ASD.
2 Social timing in young children with and without ASD: This chapter reviews the literature on social timing, its developmental importance, and existing knowledge about its disruption in ASD.
3 Studying social timing: This chapter evaluates various methodologies for studying social timing, justifying the selection of the Monadic Phases approach for this research.
4 Methods: This chapter details the methodology, including the adaptation of the Monadic Phases coding scheme, participant demographics, and the research design involving music therapy.
5 Results: This chapter presents the statistical findings regarding cyclicity and synchrony, comparing performance in interactions with and without music.
6 Discussion: This chapter interprets the findings, discusses the unexpected enhancement of social timing through music, and evaluates the study's chosen methodology.
7 Conclusion: This chapter summarizes the key findings, reflects on the study's contributions, and provides recommendations for future research in the field.
Keywords
Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD, Social Timing, Cyclicity, Synchrony, Parent-child Interaction, Musical Interaction Therapy, MIT, Monadic Phases, Time-series Analysis, Pre-verbal Communication, Neurodevelopment, Interpersonal Synchrony, Intrapersonal Timing, Developmental Psychology
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core focus of this research?
This research focuses on the social timing skills of preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) during dyadic interactions with a familiar caregiver, specifically examining the effects of music on these interactions.
What are the primary themes addressed in the work?
The work explores temporal organization in communication (social timing), including intrapersonal cyclicity (rhythmicity) and interpersonal synchrony (coordination), and how these factors relate to neurotypical development and ASD.
What is the main objective of the thesis?
The main objective is to identify and adapt a methodology to reliably quantify cyclicity and synchrony in preschoolers with ASD, contributing to the understanding of social timing difficulties in the disorder.
Which scientific method is employed?
The study utilizes a micro-analytic approach called "Monadic Phases" paired with "Time-Series Analysis" (TSA) to analyze video recordings of interactions.
What topics are discussed in the main body?
The main body covers the theoretical background of social timing, a comprehensive review of timing abnormalities in ASD, the technical aspects of the Monadic Phases methodology, the study's experimental results, and a critical discussion of the findings.
Which keywords best describe the thesis?
Key terms include Autism Spectrum Disorder, Social Timing, Synchrony, Cyclicity, Musical Interaction Therapy, and Time-series Analysis.
How does music affect the social timing of children with ASD?
The findings indicate that music significantly enhances social timing, with higher consistency in cyclicity and a significantly higher frequency of synchrony compared to non-musical interactions.
Did the study observe significant changes over the course of the intervention?
No, the study did not observe significant changes in cyclicity, coherence, or synchrony over time, likely due to substantial fluctuations in the children's willingness to engage in social interaction.
- Arbeit zitieren
- Anne-Katrin Muth (Autor:in), 2017, Social Timing in Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder, München, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/461279
