Physical and chemical principles of nanotechnology present the subject with the aim of providing information about Quantum Mechanics, Basics of Thermodynamics, Lattice Vibrations and Band Theory of Solids, Semiconductors and Tunneling & Colloidal Systems. This work is primarily intended to be a textbook for bachelor degree students in engineering, science and technology. This book has crucial role to play in the curriculum of all branches of engineering and technology.
Quantum mechanics is a physical science dealing with the behaviour of matter and energy on the scale of atoms and subatomic particles/waves. It also forms the basis for the contemporary understanding of how huge objects such as stars and galaxies, and cosmological events such as the Big Bang, can be analyzed and explained. Quantum mechanics is the foundation of several related disciplines including nanotechnology, condensed matter physics, quantum chemistry, structural biology, particle physics, and electronics. The term "quantum mechanics" was first coined by Max Born in 1924.
The acceptance by the general physics community of quantum mechanics is due to its accurate prediction of the physical behaviour of systems, including systems where Newtonian mechanics fails. Even general relativity is limited in ways quantum mechanics is not for describing systems at the atomic scale or smaller, at very low or very high energies, or the lowest temperatures.
Through a century of experimentation and applied science, the quantum mechanical theory has proven to be very successful and practical. The foundations of quantum mechanics date from the early 1800s, but the real beginnings of QM date from the work of Max Planck in 1900. Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr soon made essential contributions to what is now called the "old quantum theory."
Inhaltsverzeichnis (Table of Contents)
- CHAPTER 1: QUANTUM MECHANICS
- Introduction
- Planck's Hypothesis
- Origin of Quantum Theory
- Atomic & Subatomic Particles
- Classical V/S Quantum Mechanics
- Dual Nature of Matter By De Broglie
- Matter Waves: De-Broglie Concept
- Wavelength of De-Broglie Waves
- Uncertainty Principle
- Localization and the Wave Function
- Complementarity
- Valence Bond Theory
- Postulates of Valence Bond Theory
- Limitations of Valence Bond Theory
- Applications
- Introduction to Molecular Orbital Theory
- Molecular Orbitals
- Computational Chemistry
- CHAPTER 2: BASICS OF THERMODYNAMICS
- Introduction
- CHAPTER 3: SOLID STATE PHYSICS
- Concept of lattice vibrations and thermal heat capacity
- Einstein and Debye theories of molar heat capacity and their limitations
- Band Theory of Solids
- Origin of bands
- Band theory of solids
- Motion of electron in periodic field of crystal
- Kronig-Penny model
- Brillion zones
- Concept of holes
- Distinction between metal, insulator & semi- conductor
- CHAPTER 4: SEMICONDUCTORS
- Intrinsic semiconductors
- Doping and extrinsic semiconductors
- Simple models for semiconductors
- Donor and acceptor levels
- p-n junction and rectification
- Tunnelling and resonant tunnelling
- Concept of tunnelling
- Tunnelling through potential barrier
- Classical v/s quantum tunnelling
- Tunnelling junction & tunnelling diode
- CHAPTER 5: COLLOIDAL CHEMISTRY
- Crystalloids and colloids
- Classifications of colloids
- Characteristics of colloidal solutions
- Emulsion
Zielsetzung und Themenschwerpunkte (Objectives and Key Themes)
This book aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of fundamental concepts in quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, solid-state physics, semiconductors, and colloidal chemistry. It delves into the theoretical frameworks, experimental methods, and practical applications of these fields.
- Quantum mechanics and its application in understanding the behavior of matter at the atomic and subatomic level.
- Thermodynamics principles, including laws, definitions, and their application in various systems.
- The structure, properties, and behavior of solids, including band theory, semiconductors, and their applications.
- The nature and properties of colloids, including their classification, characteristics, and applications.
- Understanding the relationship between classical and quantum physics.
Zusammenfassung der Kapitel (Chapter Summaries)
Chapter 1: Quantum Mechanics
This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics, beginning with Planck's Hypothesis and the origin of quantum theory. It explores the differences between classical and quantum mechanics, the dual nature of matter according to De Broglie, and the Uncertainty Principle. The chapter then delves into Valence Bond Theory, its postulates, limitations, and applications. It concludes with an introduction to Molecular Orbital Theory and a brief overview of computational chemistry.
Chapter 2: Basics of Thermodynamics
This chapter provides an overview of the principles of thermodynamics, focusing on the definition and importance of key terms like system, surroundings, state variables, internal energy, enthalpy, and heat capacity. The chapter then discusses the laws of thermodynamics, emphasizing the criteria for spontaneity, the concept of entropy, and the Third Law of Thermodynamics.
Chapter 3: Solid State Physics
This chapter explores the properties and behavior of solids, focusing on lattice vibrations, thermal heat capacity, and the Einstein and Debye theories of molar heat capacity. It introduces the Band Theory of Solids, discussing the origin of bands, electron motion in a periodic field, and the Kronig-Penny model. The chapter concludes with an explanation of Brillion zones, the concept of holes, and the distinctions between metals, insulators, and semiconductors.
Chapter 4: Semiconductors
This chapter focuses on the properties and behavior of semiconductors, discussing intrinsic semiconductors, doping, and extrinsic semiconductors. It explores the simple models for semiconductors, donor and acceptor levels, and the operation of p-n junctions and rectification. The chapter also delves into the concepts of tunneling and resonant tunneling, examining tunneling through potential barriers and the differences between classical and quantum tunneling.
Chapter 5: Colloidal Chemistry
This chapter introduces the concepts of crystalloids and colloids, discussing their classifications based on state of aggregation, affinity, and dispersed phase. It explores the characteristics of colloidal solutions, including their dynamic, optical, and electrical properties. The chapter then focuses on emulsions, their classification, and the types of emulsions formed by mixing partially or completely insoluble liquids. It also discusses inter-conversion of dispersed phase and medium, characteristics of emulsions, and identification of emulsion types.
Schlüsselwörter (Keywords)
Quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, solid-state physics, semiconductors, colloids, Planck's Hypothesis, De Broglie, Uncertainty Principle, Valence Bond Theory, Molecular Orbital Theory, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, heat capacity, lattice vibrations, band theory, semiconductors, doping, tunneling, crystalloids, emulsions.
- Citation du texte
- Naveen Kumar J R (Auteur), Dr. P. Prasad (Auteur), 2019, Physical and chemical principles of nanotechnology, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/461772
