The discrepancy between real-life and laboratory settings regarding anonymity is relevant for researchers concerning the realism of their findings. To close this gap, some studies began to shed light on altering the social embedding of experiments, e.g. by
varying the degree of anonymity and social distance between players and incorporating communication.
This work presents a selective review of studies covering these issues and compares those findings. Results show that decreased social distance leads to higher offers from the proposer and to a decreased acceptance threshold of the mean
responder. After communicating with the responder, proposers offer a higher amount. Responders increase their acceptance threshold in treatments with game-related discussions, but do not adjust it after game-free conversations. The implications of these findings and the determinants of players’ behavior in the Ultimatum game are clarified.
Thereby, this work outlines researchers’ endeavor of reaching higher levels of realism for results in Ultimatum game experiments. It closes by indicating the trade-off between the precision of laboratory experiments, which maintain anonymity, and enhanced realism of experiments which manage to design more field-like settings.
Table of Contents
List of Figures and Tables
List of Abbreviations
1 Introduction
2 Theory
2.1 Ultimatum Game by Güth et al
2.1.1 Definition
2.1.2 The Framework of the Game
2.1.3 Predicted Subject Behavior
2.2 The Strategy Method
3 A Collection of Ultimatum Game Experiments
3.1 Experimental Results of Thirty Years of Research
3.2 Contradicting Material Opportunism
3.3 Subjects’ Reasoning in the Game
3.4 Subjects’ Motives for Contradicting Material Opportunism
4 The Impact of Social Distance on Subjects’ Behavior in Ultimatum Games
4.1 The Concept of Social Distance
4.1.1 The Term
4.1.2 Social Distance along Dimensions
4.2 Social Distance in the Ultimatum Game
4.2.1 A Procedure for Inducing Social Distance in Experimental Games
4.2.2 The Influence of Social Distance on Subjects’ Behavior
5 The Impact of Communication on Subjects’ Behavior in Ultimatum Games
5.1 The Concept of Communication
5.1.1 The Term
5.1.2 Decreased Social Distance Between Communicators
5.2 Communication in the Ultimatum Game
5.2.1 The Nature of Conversation between Subjects
5.2.2 The Impact of Pre-Play Communication on Subjects’ Behavior
6 Results and Discussion
6.1 Results
6.2 Discussion
6.2.1 Incentives Elicited by Social Distance Variations and Communication
6.2.2 Methodological Issues
7 Conclusion
References
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