The observation that Cattle which are spread over a wider area gather around a Saxophone player but totally ignore Crane calls gave the impetus for a detailed investigation of the “timbre” of both sounds as a possible explanation for the observed effect. Frequency- and Formant-spectra of four different sounds have been analysed: Cattle-calls (cowing), Kulning (an ancient herding call of Swedish women), Crane-calls and Saxophone play (by a professional player). Kulning-calls and the Saxophone-sound exhibit Formant-spectra with several Formant-bands of high intensity in the range of 1.000-9.000Hz which are nearly completely missing in Formant-spectra of Crane calls. Therefore, it is concluded that this richness of sound (=timbre) of Saxophone and Kulning generate the “attraction” of these sounds for Cattle whereas Crane-calls which miss this Formant-signals nearly completely cannot gain the interest of Cattle.
Why Cattle love the Saxophone sound but ignore Crane calls?
Analysis of sounds from Cattle, Cranes, Tenor Saxophone and Kulningar
Author: Alexander Rehm
Summary:
The observation that Cattle which are spread over a wider area gather around a Saxophone player but totally ignore Crane calls gave the impetus for a detailed investigation of the “timbre” of both sounds as a possible explanation for the observed effect. Frequency- and Formant-spectra of four different sounds have been analysed: Cattle-calls (cowing), Kulning (an ancient herding call of Swedish women), Crane-calls and Saxophone play (by a professional player). Kulning-calls and the Saxophone-sound exhibit Formant-spectra with several Formant-bands of high intensity in the range of 1.000-9.000Hz which are nearly completely missing in Formant-spectra of Crane calls. Therefore, it is concluded that this richness of sound (=timbre) of Saxophone and Kulning generate the “attraction” of these sounds for Cattle whereas Crane-calls which miss this Formant-signals nearly completely cannot gain the interest of Cattle.
Introduction:
The following observations and published data generated the impetus for this study:
1) It can be observed that Cattle are often cowing for 2 reasons: a) a mother is calling her child and b) if a regular procedure, the Cattle are used to, has been changed (e.g. the milking time is delayed). In both cases the Cattle is cowing to be heard by a certain species of “their herd” (either the child or the “herd-member” doing the milking) – it is a call for action.
2) The ancient herding call “Kulning” from Sweden is very efficient to attract the attention of Cattle and to gather them around the “Kulningar” (see Ref. 2).
3) Calls of Cranes during the spring and summer period are nearly completely ignored by Swedish Cattle. Even young Cattle which have not heard Crane calls before do not show any significant reaction (e.g. moving up their head or turning their head in the direction of the call) during or right after a Crane call.
4) Playing the tenor Saxophone very often generates the following reaction within a herd of Cattle: With the first sound of the Saxophone the Cattle move up their head, look in the direction of the Sax player and start to move in the direction of the player and will gather around him in a distance of 4-10 meters. This “experiment” has been successfully repeated several times with different herds of Cattle in Smaland/Sweden.
These data raise the following questions:
Why do Cattle ignore Crane calls although these calls have a similar basic frequency around 800-1000Hz as “Kulning” which obviously gets their attention?
Why is a Saxophone sound so attractive for Cattle although this sound differs significantly from the sound of “Kulning” or the sound of cowing?
As Cattle are in general curious the simplest explanation would be that they show the above described behavior as a reaction on an unexpected noise or sound. But this would not explain the massive difference between the “attractor-effect” of Kulning or Saxophone sound and the “ignoring behavior” upon Crane calls. So it might be the character of the sound itself which may makes the difference. To understand more about these phenomena sounds of cowing, Kulning, Crane-calls and Saxophone play have been analysed and compared in order to find arguments why Cattle show different reactions to these sounds. In this publication it is also considered that Cattle have a significantly different “hearing curve” (see “Figure 1” extracted from. Ref. 1) compared to humans which seems to be of importance to understand the above described phenomena.
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Figure 1: Hearing curve of Cattle (individuals “A” & “B”; open circles = background noise) extracted from Ref.1.
Material and Methods:
The sounds analysed in this publication are from the following sources:
a) Crane calls are downloads of sound files from youtube (Ref. 3; 4)
b) Kulning-sounds are downloads of sound files from youtube (Ref. 2; 5)
c) Cattle cowing calls are a download of a sound file from youtube: (Ref. 6) and recordings from Cattle in Summer 2019 in Smaland/Sweden done with a mobile recording equipment.
d) Saxophone sounds have been recorded according to Ref. 7
The sound files have been analysed and processed using the software “Praat” as described in Ref. 7 and Formant spectra have been generated according to Ref. 8.
Results:
All 4 sounds under investigation (Crane calls, Cowing, Kulning, Saxophone play) show two common characteristics:
1) The sounds itself show a variation in the basic frequency within the time period of 2-4 seconds which can be defined as “basic melody pattern of the sound”.
2) The basic melody pattern of the four sounds are repeated several times with either slight variations (Crane calls and Cowing) or larger variations (Kulning, Saxophone).
So it can be assumed (although this has not been investigated or proven in this study) that in general a repetition of a short “basic melody pattern” with some variations may have an “attractor function” for Cattle. In other words: a variation and repetition of a basic melody pattern lasting some seconds might be a prerequisite to gain the attention of Cattle.
Cattle call:
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Figure 2: Frequency spectra of different cow calls derived from a phase of a relative stable basic frequency and a stable overall sound intensity. Cow1 is calling with a basic frequency of 96Hz, cow5 with a basic frequency of 176Hz whereas cow-Svinhult is not calling with a clear defined basic frequency. (Y-axis: rel. dB / X-axis: Hz)
It can be further assumed that the most familiar sound for Cattle is the call (cowing) of another Cattle. Therefore the calls of Cattle should be analysed in order to get an idea of the typical characteristics of a sound which is familiar to Cattle. Figures 2 and 3 show Frequency spectra and the respective Formant spectra (derived from frequency spectra according Ref. 8) of typical Cattle calls.
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Figure 3: Normalized Formant spectra derived from the Frequency spectra in Figure 2 according to the method described in Ref. 8. (Y-axis: rel. dB / X-axis: Hz)
The following differences and common characteristics of the calls are obvious in the Formant spectra:
a) Although the calls show significant differences in the basic frequency of the call, all calls exhibit a strong Formant-signal in the range between 3.000-4.500 Hz and Formant bands in the range of 5.000-9.000 Hz with lower intensity.
b) Calls of cow1 and cow5 are very similar in Formant expression in the range between 1.000-3.000Hz whereas Formant signals of cow-Svinhult are nearly missing in this frequency-range.
Kulning:
In northern Europe and especially in Sweden “Kulning” is a traditional herding call from women to gather Cattle which are spread over a larger area. The “Kulning-calls” are very effective to gather Cattle so it can be assumed that these calls are easily recognized by Cattle and generate some attraction for Cattle, so they gather around the “Kulningar”. Inspired by existing research on “Kulning” (see Ref. 9 & 10) Formant-analysis of various Kulning-calls have been performed. Typical Formant-spectra of Kulning-calls are exhibit in Figure 4. Formant spectra of two different phases of a Kulning call (which in total can last several seconds) which have different basic frequency are shown. Beside prominent Formant-signals in the range of 3.000-5.000Hz additional Formant-bands with strong intensity in the range of 7.000-9.000 Hz can easily be recognized. Compared to Cattle-calls (=cowing) Kulning shows much stronger Formant-signals in the frequency range >7.000Hz (see Figure 5) which this is the frequency range where the hearing curve of Cattle (see Figure 1) shows a minimum which means that Cattle have a high hearing-capability in this range.
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Figure 4: Normalized Formant-spectra of two parts of a Kulning-call from Ref. 2. Part 1 has a duration of 1,4 seconds and shows a harmonic structure with basic frequency of 819Hz. Part 4 has a duration of 0,9 seconds with a basic frequency at 543Hz and a complex overtone structure.
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Figure 5: Comparison of the normalized Formant-spectra of Kulning from Fig. 4 (blue and green curves) and a Formant-spectrum of a cow-call from Fig. 3 (red-curve).
Saxophone sound:
The richness of the Saxophone sound in Formant-bands of strong intensity in the range of 2.000-8.000Hz is demonstrated in Figure 6. Although the basic frequencies of the played three tones are low (196Hz; 220Hz; 249Hz) the respective Formant-spectra are very similar and show up to 15 Formant-bands in the range of 1.000-10.000Hz, several with high intensity. (see also Ref. 8).
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Figure 6: Normalized Formant spectra of three tones played in the lower register of the tenor Saxophone (tones: D, E; F#) by a professional player. Formant spectra a derived from frequency spectra according Ref.8.
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Figure 7: Comparison of the normalized Formant-spectra of Kulning (see Fig. 4) and of the tone “low-D” played on the T-Saxophone (see Fig. 6).
Although the basic frequencies of Kulning (543Hz, 819Hz) and the Saxophone sounds of tones played in the low register (196-249Hz) differ significantly the Formant-spectra of both sounds show high similarities (see Fig. 7). In both cases strong Formant-bands in the range between 1.000-5.000Hz are prominent but also the range of 6.000-9.000Hz is characterized by several Formants with high intensity in both sounds.
Crane call:
The most typical “basic melody pattern of Crane calls” consists of 2 basic and harmonic tones which are varied. Figure 8 shows the frequency spectra of the two harmonic tones of a typical Crane call. In Part 1 of this call the basic frequency is 908Hz, in Part 2 of the call the basic frequency is 1115Hz. It is obvious that the frequency spectra of these Crane calls do not contain strong signals of the overtones in contrast to frequency spectra of Kulning, the Saxophone sound or Cattle calls. Especially in Part 1 of the call there are hardly any overtone signals above 4.000Hz.
Therefore, it is not surprising that the respective Formant-spectra of the two Parts of the Crane call are flat (see Fig 9). Only minor Formant-bands in the range of 2.000-7.500Hz can be observed and in the range >7.500Hz Formant-signals are missing completely.
Frequently asked questions
What is the main topic of "Why Cattle love the Saxophone sound but ignore Crane calls?"
The document analyzes why cattle seem attracted to the sound of a saxophone and Kulning (an ancient herding call) but ignore crane calls. The analysis focuses on the frequency and formant spectra of these sounds.
What is the conclusion of the analysis?
The study concludes that the richness of sound, specifically the presence of multiple high-intensity formant bands in the range of 1,000-9,000Hz, in saxophone sounds and Kulning, attracts cattle. Crane calls lack these formant signals and therefore don't capture the cattle's attention.
What observations led to this investigation?
The investigation was inspired by the following observations: cattle calling to their young or when routines are changed, the effectiveness of Kulning in gathering cattle, the lack of reaction from cattle to crane calls, and the tendency of cattle to gather around a saxophone player.
What questions did these observations raise?
The observations led to questions about why cattle ignore crane calls despite having a similar basic frequency to Kulning and why saxophone sounds are attractive to cattle despite differing significantly from Kulning or cowing sounds.
What sounds were analyzed in this study?
The study analyzed four different sounds: cattle calls (cowing), Kulning (an ancient herding call), crane calls, and saxophone play.
What is Kulning?
Kulning is an ancient herding call from Sweden traditionally used by women to gather cattle spread over a large area.
What is a formant spectrum?
A formant spectrum is a representation of the frequencies where the sound resonates most strongly, highlighting the characteristic "timbre" or quality of the sound.
How were the sounds analyzed?
The sound files were analyzed and processed using the software "Praat," and formant spectra were generated.
What were the common characteristics found in all four sounds?
All four sounds showed a variation in the basic frequency within a time period of 2-4 seconds, which can be defined as the "basic melody pattern of the sound," and the basic melody pattern was repeated several times with slight or larger variations.
What were the specific characteristics of cattle calls (cowing) found in the Formant spectra?
The formant spectra of cattle calls showed a strong formant signal in the range between 3,000-4,500 Hz and formant bands in the range of 5,000-9,000 Hz with lower intensity.
What were the specific characteristics of Kulning found in the Formant spectra?
Kulning exhibited prominent formant signals in the range of 3,000-5,000Hz and additional formant bands with strong intensity in the range of 7,000-9,000 Hz.
What were the specific characteristics of the Saxophone sound found in the Formant spectra?
The saxophone sound exhibited formant bands of strong intensity in the range of 2,000-8,000Hz, with up to 15 formant bands in the range of 1,000-10,000Hz.
What were the specific characteristics of the Crane call found in the Formant spectra?
The formant spectra of crane calls were relatively flat, with only minor formant bands in the range of 2,000-7,500Hz and completely missing formant signals in the range >7,500Hz.
- Quote paper
- Dr. Alexander Markus Rehm (Author), 2019, Why Cattle love the Saxophone sound but ignore Crane calls?, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/500400
