A formal work attainment for transwomen tends to create another negative concern due to the employers' highlight to their sexuality not to their capacity. The paper elaborates how this gap occurs based on the methods of direct observation toward keypersons as well as literature and media study. It comes with an expectation that in long terms, the group might be employed for formal works as maintained for informal ones currently. The Indonesian Government's commitment to signing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) from 2015-2030 views their significant development platform in a purpose to create sustainable developing aspects for more prosperous societies and the country. It is translated into Presidential Act no. 59/2017 about The Implementation of Achievement towards Sustainable Development Goals with an emphasis of three principles, such as Acceleration, Funding, and Inclusion.
Inclusion in SDGs means leaving no one behind, ensuring that all the targets must meet the interests of all people of nations without any exceptions as stated by UNSTATS, and it covers vulnerable or marginalized groups, including LGBTI. 12 UN entities endorse the statement underlining the importance of LGBTI's participation for countries' development process. In contradict, the LGBTI in Indonesia have faced serious challenges, principally about their human rights. Transwomen are considered repressed for their right to be properly employed.
With the ratifications of some covenants regarding human and civil rights to the state laws in Indonesia, the country is supposed to initiate the process of eliminating any discrimination towards minorities, including transwomen, however, it is not a smooth running since most of society layers in Indonesia still are considering their existence immoral, therefore they think of numerous ways to "normalize" them based on their origin of sex when being born instead of respecting their confirmed rights. As a consequence, insurmountable discrimination practices heading to legal criminalization continuously emerge along with the absence of the government attention, including the right fulfilment of transwomen in terms of formal work attainment despite the state's approval to sign SDGs.
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3. DISCUSSION
3.1. The State's Ratification of UN Covenants about Human and Civil Rights to Affirm the Citizens' Rights with No Exceptions
3.2. SDGs' Credentials for the Principle "No one Left Behind" as An Inclusiveness for Transwomen's Right for Work Attainment
3.3. Transwomen Gap in Indonesia For A Formal Work Attainment as Another Issue for SDGs' Achievement
3. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Research Objectives and Core Themes
This paper examines the significant gap in formal work attainment for transwomen in Indonesia within the context of the government's commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It investigates how systemic discrimination, legal barriers, and social stigma prevent transwomen from accessing formal employment, despite international human rights mandates and the inclusive principles of the SDGs.
- The role of the Indonesian Constitution and international human rights covenants in protecting citizen rights.
- The impact of the "No One Left Behind" principle of the SDGs on marginalized groups.
- Socio-cultural challenges and the influence of heteronormative values on transgender employment.
- The discrepancy between state-ratified human rights laws and the reality of discrimination in the workplace.
- Policy recommendations to improve economic inclusion for transwomen in formal labor sectors.
Excerpt from the Book
3.3. Transwomen Gap in Indonesia For A Formal Work Attainment as Another Issue for SDGs' Achievement
Transwomen in Indonesia have been existing in Indonesia even before this state was officially established. By tradition and culture, for example, Bugis society in South Sulawesi had acknowledged gender variety, particularly before Islam came to the province. In general, they were divided into five parts, oroane (male), makkunrai (female), male similar to female (calabai), female similar to make (calalai), and androgynous priest (bissu). As well, in Toraja society admitted the third gender identity, male similar to female called as burake tambolang. Transgender local belief leaders in Bugis and Toraja were credited with their significant roles in their communities, such as leading spiritual ceremonies or harvesting rituals. Certainly, for the societies it is such a pride when seeing and being invited to above-mentioned ceremonies and rituals. In contrast, the introduction of heteronormative values by colonialists through religion values to the traditional societies eliminated the above-mentioned practices gradually. The values are strictly a part of any "incoming" religions which were brought and introduced to wider groups of societies in Indonesia at that time. Therefore, directly the positions of transgender have no longer become significant and more underestimated due to their status as sinners and religion values violators. Indonesia, as one of the biggest religious countries in the world, obviously respects the heteronormative values while disregarding the existence of other gender identities, and this condition leads to the rising of discriminative and violating practices, including the marginalizing gap for transwomen particularly to attain better chance for formal work.
Summary of Chapters
1. INTRODUCTION: This chapter contextualizes the human rights landscape in Indonesia and introduces the SDGs, highlighting the failure of previous development goals to address the needs of marginalized groups, specifically transwomen.
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: This section details the qualitative approach used for the study, relying on interviews with key figures and literature reviews to analyze the barriers to formal employment.
3. DISCUSSION: This section evaluates the legal status of civil rights in Indonesia, the inclusive aspirations of the SDGs, and the socio-cultural factors leading to the marginalization of transwomen in the labor market.
3. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: The final chapter summarizes the necessity for the Indonesian government to reconcile its legal commitments with affirmative policies that provide equitable work opportunities for transwomen.
Keywords
SDGs, Inclusion, Transwomen, Work, LGBTI, Indonesia, Human Rights, Employment, Discrimination, Gender Inequality, Social Stigma, Economic Empowerment, Sustainable Development, Formal Sector, Policy Implementation.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this research?
The research focuses on the systemic barriers that prevent transwomen in Indonesia from obtaining formal employment, despite the country's commitment to international human rights standards and the UN's Sustainable Development Goals.
What are the central thematic areas?
The key themes include the intersection of state law and human rights, the socio-cultural rejection of gender diversity, the economic marginalization of transwomen, and the implementation of the "No One Left Behind" principle.
What is the core research question?
The study aims to uncover why a significant gap exists for transwomen regarding formal work attainment and explores how this gap hinders the successful achievement of SDGs in Indonesia.
Which methodology is employed in this study?
The paper utilizes a qualitative research methodology, consisting of personal interviews with key figures within the transgender community in Bandung and a comprehensive review of literature and media case studies.
What is discussed in the main body of the text?
The main body discusses the ratification of international covenants, the specific challenges transwomen face in the workplace, and the contrast between historical indigenous gender roles and current heteronormative societal expectations.
Which keywords best characterize this work?
The primary keywords are SDGs, Inclusion, Transwomen, Work, LGBTI, Indonesia, and Human Rights.
How does historical tradition in Indonesia differ from the current situation for transwomen?
Historically, indigenous societies like the Bugis and Toraja acknowledged and valued diverse gender identities. Modern influence, driven by heteronormative and religious values, has shifted this perception, leading to the stigmatization of transwomen.
What role does the Indonesian government play according to the author?
The author argues that while the government has signed international covenants protecting human rights, it currently lacks the proactive, affirmative policies necessary to ensure these rights are extended to transwomen in the formal labor sector.
What specific issue do employers often cite when refusing to hire transwomen?
Employers often express concerns regarding identity management and the potential impact on company reputation, often tied to the discrepancies between a candidate's appearance and their official identification documents.
What is the main takeaway regarding the future for transwomen in Indonesia?
The author concludes that a gradual, systemic shift is required—starting with government awareness and the implementation of inclusive policies—to ensure transwomen are recognized as valuable participants in the nation's development.
- Citation du texte
- Fanny S. Alam (Auteur), 2019, Transwomen Gap for a Formal Work Attainment in Indonesia. A Part of the Sustainable Development Goals, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/503323
