In this present work, Nano fuels were prepared by adding the cerium oxide nanoparticles to the cottonseed biodiesel. Biodiesel was manufactured from cottonseed oil using trans-esterification process. Nano fuels were prepared with high speed ultra-sonication and agitation process to increase the stability.
The fossil fuel resources are limited along with the need to reduce emission which is major impulse to the development of alternative fuel; biodiesel has been developed as an alternative fuel for C.I. engine but it show slightly lower performance and reduction in SOx, CO, HC, CO2 emissions as compare with diesel. But due to higher oxygen contain in biodiesel the formation of NOx was observed higher. Nano-fuels have shown better improvement in combustion, performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. The blending of biodiesel increases the thermal efficiency near to that of diesel and also significantly large reduction in NOx is observed.
In the present experimentation the experiments were conducted on variable compression ratio single cylinder four strokes DI diesel engine running at constant 1500 RPM to find the effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles in diesel and blends of diesel-biodiesel. The load and compression ratio was varied from 0 to 6 kg and 14 to 18 on the engine. To increase the stability Nano fuels were prepared with high speed ultra-sonication and agitation process. Nanoparticles concentration was dispersed 50 ppm to the 10% and 20% cotton seed biodiesel in base diesel fuel.
The properties of blends of biodiesel such as calorific value, flash point, and viscosity were also measured as per IS standards. Experiments were performed using neat diesel and different blends of cotton seed biodiesel such as 100D, 10CSB, 10CSBCeO250, 20CSB and 20CSBCeO250. The performance parameters like BP, BSFC, BTE, EGT and emission parameters like CO, NOx and HC were compared to pure diesel. The test results revealed that cerium oxide blended cottonseed biodiesel blends improve the performance parameters and reduces harmful emissions especially NOx.
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Need of Biodiesel
1.3 History of Biodiesel
1.4 Source of Biodiesel
1.5 Fuel Properties
1.5.1 Density
1.5.2 Kinematic viscosity
1.5.3 Flash Point and Fire Point
1.5.4 Cloud point and pour point
1.5.5 Calorific value
1.5.6 Ash content
1.5.7 Carbon residue content
1.5.8 Cetane Number
1.6 Specification of Biodiesel
1.7 Performance and Emission Characteristics
1.7.1 Performance Characteristics of C.I Engines
1.7.2 Engine performance and emission characteristics for biodiesel
1.8 Compression Ignition Engine
1.8.1 Classification of compression ignition combustion chamber
1.9 Nanoparticle As An Additive in Fuel
1.10 Nanoparticles With Biodiesel
1.11 Effect of Nanoparticle on CI Engine Parameters
1.11.1 Effect on Performance
1.11.2 Effect on Emissions
1.12 Types of Nanomaterial‘s Used in Fuel
1.13 Aim of The Research
1.14 Objectives of Research
1.15 Organization of Thesis
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Review of Literature
2.2 Research Gap
2.3 Summary
3 METHODOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
3.1 Methodology to Be Adopted
3.1.1 Collection of biodiesel
3.1.2 Preparation of biodiesel blend
3.1.3 Preparation of nanoparticle added biodiesel blend
3.1.4 Evaluation of fuel properties of biodiesel blends
3.1.5 Performance Emission parameters to be evaluate
3.1.6 Comparison of performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel with that of pure diesel
3.2 Experimental Setup
3.2.1 Equipment used for the evaluation of engine performance
3.2.2 Equipment used for the evaluation of engine emissions
3.3 Summary
4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
4.1 Fuel Properties
4.1.1 Kinematic viscosity
4.1.2 Flash point
4.2 Performance Characteristics
4.2.1 Brake power
4.2.2 Brake thermal efficiency
4.2.3 Fuel consumption
4.2.4 Brake specific fuel consumption
4.2.5 Exhaust gas temperature
4.3 Emission Characteristics
4.3.1 NOx Emissions
4.3.2 CO Emissions
4.3.3 HC Emissions
5 RESULT VALIDATION
5.1 Introduction to Regression Analysis
5.2 The Regression Equations For Performance Characteristics
5.2.1 Brake power
5.2.2 Brake thermal efficiency
5.2.3 Fuel consumption (kg/hr.)
5.2.4 Brake specific fuel consumption (kg/kw hr.)
5.2.5 Exhaust gas temperature ( ◦C )
5.3 The Regression Equations For Emission Characteristics
5.3.1 NOx Emissions (PPM)
5.3.2 CO Emissions (PPM)
5.3.3 HC Emissions (PPM)
6 CONCLUSIONS
6.1 Conclusions
6.1.1 Fuel properties:
6.1.2 Optimum compression ratio:
6.1.3 Performance and emission characteristics comparison for optimum blend:
6.2 Future scope
6.3 Applications
Objectives & Scope
The primary objective of this research is to perform a comparative study on the effect of 50 PPM cerium oxide nanoparticles on the performance and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder, variable compression ratio (VCR) DI diesel engine fueled with various cottonseed biodiesel blends. The study aims to enhance engine performance while reducing harmful exhaust emissions.
- Development of cottonseed biodiesel blends using transesterification.
- Synthesis and stabilization of nanoparticle-blended fuels using high-speed ultrasonication.
- Evaluation of performance metrics including BP, BSFC, and BTE under varied loads and compression ratios.
- Validation of experimental results using regression analysis via MINITAB-17 software.
Excerpt from the Book
1.9 Nanoparticle As An Additive in Fuel
Application of nanoscale energetic metal particle additives in liquid fuel is an interesting concept yet unexplored to its full potential. Depending on the physical, chemical, and electrical properties of the added nanomaterials, nanofluid fuels can achieve better performance emission characteristics for diesel engine. Such formulated nanofuels offer: shortened ignition delay, decreased burn times and rapid oxidation, enhanced catalytic effect, microexplosion behavior which leads to complete combustion. Overall calorific value of the liquid fuel increases due to higher energy density of metal particles, eventually improving the performance of engine by boosting power output. The study of evaporation rate and ignition probability plays an important role in determining two critical properties: ignition delay and ignition temperature which characterizes the performance of a diesel engine and are also instrumental in limiting emissions. Certain drawbacks such as strong particle aggregation, and stability and metal oxide particles may limit applications of Nano fluid fuels. To overcome this problem one more chemical called surfactant is used to bind the molecules of the constituent liquids. Then a mechanical agitator and ultrasonicator are used to mix the liquids thoroughly.
Summary of Chapters
1. INTRODUCTION: Provides an overview of biodiesel, its history, properties, and the need for alternative fuels, along with the classification of CI engines and the potential of nanoparticle additives.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW: Surveys existing research on nanoparticle-blended fuels, focusing on their impact on engine performance and emission characteristics, while highlighting the identified research gap.
3. METHODOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL SETUP: Details the transesterification process, the preparation of nanoparticle-blended fuels, and the experimental setup including the VCR diesel engine and emission measurement equipment.
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS: Analyzes the effects of nanoparticle-blended biodiesel on fuel properties, engine performance, and exhaust emissions at varying loads and compression ratios.
5. RESULT VALIDATION: Presents the mathematical validation of experimental data through regression analysis models developed for different fuel blends and engine operating conditions.
6. CONCLUSIONS: Summarizes the key findings regarding optimum compression ratios and fuel blends, outlines future research directions, and highlights potential practical applications.
Keywords
Biodiesel, Cottonseed oil, Cerium oxide nanoparticles, Diesel engine, Compression ignition, Emission reduction, Brake thermal efficiency, Fuel properties, Nanofuels, Transesterification, Variable compression ratio, Regression analysis, Combustion improvement, Engine performance, Surfactant.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this research?
This research investigates the influence of 50 PPM cerium oxide nanoparticles added to cottonseed biodiesel blends on the performance and emission characteristics of a variable compression ratio (VCR) CI diesel engine.
What are the central themes of this work?
The work centers on renewable fuel development, nanotechnology integration in internal combustion engines, and the optimization of engine parameters to minimize pollutants like NOx, CO, and HC.
What is the key research objective?
The objective is to conduct a comparative study to determine if cerium oxide nanoparticle additives can improve engine performance and reduce harmful emissions in a single-cylinder VCR diesel engine under different load and compression ratio conditions.
Which scientific methodology is employed?
The study utilizes an experimental approach involving transesterification, ultrasonic homogenization for stable nanofuel preparation, and performance testing on a VCR engine, followed by statistical validation using regression analysis models.
What topics are covered in the main body?
The main body covers the theoretical background, comprehensive literature review, detailed experimental setup, results regarding fuel properties, performance, and emissions, and the validation of these results via regression analysis.
Which keywords define this research?
Key terms include Cottonseed biodiesel, Cerium oxide nanoparticles, VCR diesel engine, Emission characteristics, and Brake thermal efficiency.
Why is cerium oxide chosen for this research?
Cerium oxide acts as an oxygen buffer, providing additional oxygen for complete combustion and facilitating the reduction of harmful pollutants like carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides.
What role does the compression ratio play in this study?
The compression ratio is a critical parameter; the study examines its variation (14, 16, and 18) to identify the optimum operational setting that maximizes performance and minimizes fuel consumption for the tested biodiesel blends.
- Citation du texte
- dhiraj patil (Auteur), 2017, Green Biofuel, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/504102
