This paper investigated the impact of migration on socio-economy in the rural area of Myanmar. Moreover, secondary data collected from concerned Ministries, United Nations agencies and related scholars and websites. Data collection conducted about 12.02 % of total households from six sample villages through household survey and field observations. Findings from the study showed that about one fourth of household members were migrants who were mostly young and active men. The youngest age at initial migration was 15 years. Their education levels were mostly secondary and migrated in the years of 2005. Common migration was international (cross-border migration) following by internal (rural to urban out-migration). Remittance of migrant was significantly high and it was about half of total households’ income.
Migration is recognizing as a universally popular trend around the world. The roots of migration are the economic, social, political, cultural, environmental, health, education and transportation. Moreover, it is important in the socio-economic development and population growth of a country, mainly for the providing of occupation and social amenities to the migrants and their relatives. Agriculture is the main livelihoods in rural areas of Myanmar; farm labors are major source of employment opportunity for farming however their socio-economic status is still lower.
Moreover, the socioeconomic status of farmers has been more adversely affected by the unpredictable climate changes, natural, disasters and others, year after year. For that reason, Myanmar rural nationals are practicing migration as their income diversification strategies to solve their economic and social status as like other developed and developing countries. As a result, this research aims at to examine the socio-economic characteristics of migrants and to extract the significant features of pull and push factors of migration in rural area of Myanmar.
Table of Contents
Chapter-1 Introduction
1.1 Background of Research
1.2 Literature Review
1.3 Research questions
1.4 Research objectives
1.5 Research Methods and Materials
1.6 Outline of Thesis
Chapter-II Conceptual Framework of Migration
2.1 What is migration? : Characteristic of migration
2.2 General theories of Myanmar migration compare with other countries
2.3 Impact study of migration on different economic and social indicator
2.3.1 Impact study of migration on Income
2.3.2 Impact study of migration on Expenditures
2.3.3 Impact study of migration on Education
2.3.4 Impact study of migration on Health
2.3.5 Impact study of migration on labor problem and crop production
2.4 Methodology of migration
2.5 Pull and push factors of migration
Chapter- III Migration and socio-economic situation in Myanmar
3.1 Economic performance of Myanmar concerning with FDI and ODA
3.2 Migration in Myanmar
3.2.1 General view of migration pattern in Myanmar
3.2.2 Major migration flows and their roles in rural Myanmar
3.2.3 Myanmar migration policies
Chapter- IV Impact of migration on socio-economy in the dry zone of Myanmar: A case study
4.1 Background information
4.2 Data source and collection methods
4.3 Review of household members and migrants
4.4 Impact of migrants on the livelihood of households
Chapter – V Conclusion
5.1 Major Findings
5.1.1 Migration and situations of migrants in Myanmar
5.1.2 Socio-economic situations of migrants in Myanmar
5.2 Policies implications to Myanmar
5.2.1 Improvement for livelihoods of the rural community
5.2.2 Recommendation for livelihoods of the rural community
Objectives and Research Themes
This thesis aims to examine the socio-economic characteristics of migrants and the significant pull and push factors of migration in the rural areas of Myanmar, with a specific case study focused on the Dry Zone. The core research questions address the primary causes of migration in Myanmar and the impact of remittances on the economic security and social changes within rural households and communities.
- Socio-economic analysis of migrant households in the Dry Zone.
- Identification of pull and push factors driving rural-to-urban and international migration.
- Evaluation of remittance utilization and its impact on household income and agricultural investment.
- Assessment of labor shortages in the agricultural sector due to out-migration.
- Development of policy recommendations to improve rural livelihoods and manage migration impacts.
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4.1 Background information
This section provides an overview of the demographic and socioeconomic settings of the study area. The Dry Zone in central Myanmar covers a total of 13 districts and 55 townships in Mandalay, Magway, and Sagaing Regions and then it shelters a total area of 75,976 square kilometer. Accounting for roughly 27% of Myanmar’s total population, the Dry Zone’s population size is about 11.5 million. The area is more densely settled and more rural compared to the national average (Tun et al., 2015).
Livelihoods of Dry Zone depend greatly on the Southwest monsoon. The area is prone to erratic rainfall and prolonged dry spells. Its land is characterized by clay and sandy soils which are at high risk of water and wind erosion leading to land degradation and declining the production of agricultural products. Given the environmental constraints, the Dry Zone is one of Myanmar’s most food insecure regions (World Food Program, 2011). Although households generally report adequate food consumption, nearly two fifths have at least some difficulty meeting their food needs on an annual basis and reduction in food portion size is a common coping strategy (Mercy Corps, 2015). Evidence suggests high rates of low birth weight, wasting and stunting in children, and under-nutrition in mothers (WHO, 2000). A 2010 report further reveals that approximately 43% of the Dry Zone population lives in poverty and 40-50 % of its rural population is landless (JICA, 2010).
Households in the Dry Zone are often characterized by low undiversified agriculture based income, high debts, and heavy reliance on credits (Mercy Corps, 2015). Crop production is the main livelihood activity with primary crops including rice, oil crops (sesame, groundnut, sunflower), and pulses (chickpeas, pigeon peas). Moreover, palm sugar (jaggery), cotton and tobacco are essential crops in some areas (FAO Investment Centre, 2014). Average farm size is small. More than half of farms are less than 5 hectares and over 80 % are less than 10 hectares. Farm households generally have low access to stored water for crop production. Furthermore, a significant proportion of farming communities in the Dry Zone lacks infrastructure such as good –quality roads that connect them with township and state capitals and gives them convenient access to information and market for their crops (Tun, 2000).
Summary of Chapters
Chapter-1 Introduction: Provides the background of migration in Myanmar, discusses its role in the agricultural sector, and outlines the research objectives and methodology.
Chapter-II Conceptual Framework of Migration: Examines global and local definitions of migration, theories regarding push and pull factors, and the socio-economic impacts on income, education, and health.
Chapter- III Migration and socio-economic situation in Myanmar: Analyzes the economic performance of Myanmar and current migration patterns, specifically focusing on the shift from agriculture to industry and the role of remittances.
Chapter- IV Impact of migration on socio-economy in the dry zone of Myanmar: A case study: Presents the case study of Kyaukpadaung township, analyzing primary survey data on household demographics, income sources, and the effects of migration on agricultural production.
Chapter – V Conclusion: Synthesizes the major findings from the study and provides policy implications and recommendations for improving the livelihoods of rural communities.
Keywords
Myanmar, Migration, Remittance, Dry zone, Rural area, Socio-economic, Migrant, Impact, Pull and Push factors, Agriculture, Poverty alleviation, Household income, Labor shortage, Employment, Development policy
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this research?
This thesis investigates the socio-economic impact of migration on rural households in Myanmar, specifically focusing on the Dry Zone region to understand how migration acts as an income diversification strategy.
What are the central themes of the study?
The core themes include the drivers of migration (pull and push factors), the role of migrant remittances in supporting rural livelihoods, and the resulting challenges such as agricultural labor shortages.
What is the main objective of the research?
The overall objective is to explore the effect of migration flows on rural development and provide specific policy recommendations for improving the livelihoods of rural communities in Myanmar.
What scientific methods were used for this study?
The study utilizes a quantitative approach, involving face-to-face interviews and discussions with township officers, village heads, and migrant/non-migrant household members, supplemented by secondary data from government and UN sources.
What does the main body of the work cover?
The main body covers the conceptual framework of migration, a situational analysis of the Myanmar economy, and a detailed case study of the Dry Zone, including demographic profiles and economic impacts of migration.
Which keywords best characterize this work?
Key terms include Myanmar, Migration, Remittance, Dry Zone, Rural Area, Socio-economic, Impact, and Pull/Push factors.
How does migration affect agricultural crop production in the study area?
Migration often leads to labor shortages during peak agricultural seasons, which can affect production; however, remittances are frequently reinvested to hire laborers or purchase inputs, providing a complex net impact.
What role do remittances play for households in the Dry Zone?
Remittances are a critical source of income, often accounting for approximately half of a household's total income, and are primarily used for debt repayment, basic needs, and agricultural investments.
What are the main "push" factors identified in the study area?
The push factors include weed problems, low labor wages, climate change, few job opportunities, food insecurity, and debt.
- Citar trabajo
- Lin Thiri (Autor), 2018, Impact of Migration on the Socio-Economy in the Dry Zone of Myanmar, Múnich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/535063
