Forerunning Value Mechanics In Value Science And Theory. The Discovery, Verification, & Justification Of The Model Of Universality Of Value & Its Sensitivity

Contents

ABSTRACT

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO VALUE SENSITIVITY WITH RESPECT TO THE BUFFER MODEL OF PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT (BMPM) [THE BMPM IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE MODEL OF UNIVERSALITY ACCORDING TO THIS PROJECT WORK]
1.2 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1.3 HUMAN LEVEL ATTAINED
1.3.0 Knowledge:
1.3.1 Academic Credentials
1.3,2 Academic Contributions
1.3.3 Knowledgeable Creativities
1.3.4 Wealth
1.3.5 Authority
1.4 HUMAN ATTITUDE TOWARDS A VALUABLE ENTITY
1.5 USE OF QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING TOOLS TO ANALYZE AND SYNTHESIZE THE PREVIOUS METHODOLOGIES
1.6 THE BUFFER MODEL OF PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT (BMPM)
1.7 PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT (VALUE EVALUATION)
1.8 AREAS WHERE PERFORMANCE MEASURE IS REQUIRED
1.9 KPIs – KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS (KSIs - KEY SUCCESS INDICATORS)
1.10 COMPATIBILITY OF THE BUFFER MODEL AND OTHER SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
1.10.0 Future Research
1.11 SOME OF THE TERMS THAT ARE IN LINE WITH THE ‘BUFFER MODEL OF PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT (BMPM)
1.12 THE BMPM DEVELOPED
1.12.0 VALUE
1.12.1 BASICS
1.12.2 VALUABLE
1.12.3 SLACK
1.13 THE TOOLS OF PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT FRAME WORK AND THEIR USES
1.13.0 As an interface (communication piece)
1.13.2 As a master key
1.14 A BRIEF LOOK INTO THE BUFFER MODEL ITSELF AS A TOOL OF ANALYSIS AND MEASUREMENT OF VALUE AND PERFORMANCE
1.15 SUMMARY OF THE USEFULNESS OF THE BMPM AS A TOOL OF ANALYSIS OF VALUE AND PERFORMANCE
1.16 TASKS AHEAD
1.17 SYSTEMS SCIENCE AND FURTHER INTODUCTION TO VALUE SENSITIVITY
1.17.0 A SYSTEM WITH ONE OPENING
1.17.1 A SYSTEM WITH MORE THAN ONE OPENING
1.17.2 A CLOSE SYSTEM
1.17.3 A SYSTEM BOUNDARY
1.17.4 THE DIFFERENTIATING SEPARATION
1.17.5 SYSTEM PROCEDURES AND CONTENT
1.17.6 SYSTEM FUNCTIONALITY
1.17.7 SYSTEM CONTAINER
1.17.8 A DEPENDENT SYSTEM
1.17.9 OTHER SYSTEMS
1.17.10 “STYLE”
1.18 PEPERTUAL MODEL IN AN OPEN SYSTEM
1.18.0 AN OPEN SYSTEM
1.18.1 AN OPEN SYSTEM FOR INNOVATION
1.18.2 ANALYSIS
1.18.3 E.G: MODEL HARD/SOFTWARE MECHANISM, OR A STATEMENT/PROPOSITION
1.18.4 MODEL
1.18.5 HARD/SOFTWARE MECHANISM
1.18.6 PROPOSITION/STATEMENT
1.18.7 What is a system?
1.19 INPUT, OUTPUT, ADJUSTMENT OPEN SYSTEMS
1.19.0 INTRODUCTION
1.19.1 IN A SERIES OF SLACK
1.19.2 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY THAT?
1.19.3 WHAT DOES DEDUCTION 1 MEAN?
1.19.4 QUESTION OF VERIFICATION OF THEORY 1 (or DEDUCTION 1), FOR JUSTIFICATION
1.19.5 VERIFICATION OF THEORY 1
1.19.6 WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?
1.20 FURTHER QUESTION OF VERIFICATION AND JUSTIFICATION IN THEORY (DEDUCTION)
1.20.0 INTRODUCTION
1.20.1 FURTHER EMPIRICAL DEDUCTION
1.20.2 DEGREES OF FREEDOM
1.20.3 FIRST DEGREE OF FREEDOM
1.20.4 SECOND DEGREE OF FREEDOM
1.20.5 THIRD DEGREE OF FREEDOM
1.20.6 NOTE
1.20.7 PROVE
1.20.8 SUMMARY ON THE DEGREES OF FREEDOM AS A WHOLE RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.0 INTRODUCTION
5.1 With

BIBLIOGRAPHY

6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT

The introduction to value sensitivity was much digested to serve its intended reason as the core fundamental to support the superstructure of the thesis. The model of flexibility also known as the model of universality was hypothesized and tested through various experiments with figures and found to rationally agreeing with value cores and characteristics of a system. The essence of language as a structure very important to everything as well as waves are concerned was outlined. Waves is everything we could see and hear and touch, thus, also, wave is sound, light, heat, the unseen, and this is digital. The model of universality was used to better understand Amdahl, Gustafson-Barsis, etc. with their theoretical system speedup latency theories. The model of universality was further pursued to arrive at an expression for value as v = - n2, where n is the number of trials to enhance a system and v is value. In fact, there is seemingly numerous approaches to establishing a mechanics of value which is a whole subject that could be studied as a program. Further research on value and its sensitivity lies ahead. Studying anything rather indirectly by means of its value trends makes a deeper understanding.

DEDICATION

To my daughter Lydia Emefa Abra Dornyo, my son Prince Mawutor Kofi Intellect Dornyo, my wife Iveta Dornyo Zajicova, my mother Comfort Afua Dza, and my father Alex Kwasi Dornyo

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To all my lecturers, supervisors, and advisors. We are also highly grateful to all owners of intellectual properties which we have used to help shape this work into the current pattern and excellence. Thank you all!

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODCTION: Attempts have been made to develop a hypothetical basic model to help view the subject fundamentally, so as to make flexible blends with other schools of thought and to serve as a tool of analysis of measure of enhanced value and hence performance measure. It was realized that a holistic view of the subject demanded diversified subjects of taught for completeness. The developed model would serve as an interface, a buffer and a master key among other models existing. The performance measured was considered in this work as existing in discrete levels of measured value equaled the enhanced value, an overall efficiency, taken individual efficiencies of a valuable entity or system. Hopefully, this model would play an essential role in originally contributing to knowledge and empirical deductions in value enhancement evaluation.

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO VALUE SENSITIVITY WITH RESPECT TO THE BUFFER MODEL OF PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT (BMPM) [THE BMPM IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE MODEL OF UNIVERSALITY ACCORDING TO THIS PROJECT WORK]

To a person a basic is the universal set of a valuable or valuables that he/she considers as demanding a form of enhancement in value status. It could be raw materials for building construction or it could be a completed building but pending yet another round or further other rounds of renovation (re-innovation) so as to put it at the next level of enhanced status. This enhanced status equals enhanced valuable, and an enhanced valuable has an enhanced value, and an enhanced value means added value. Because the demand for that form of enhancement in value status is fulfilled, it is likely that human demand for the valuable (commodity) will increase. In this case the law of demand and supply in economics comes into play.

Definition: We view the topic above as the design of a sensitive means of analysis of enhanced value considering human performance embedded in or embodying valuables, systems and achievements using scientific methodologies to qualify and quantify empirical theoretical models and technological frameworks to that effect.

In other words as stated above, value is in valuable and valuable is obtained by achievement or nature. Achievement is in performance and the level of achievement depends on the level and quality of performance.

Can we measure performance and therefore achievement? If so then we can know the level of a valuable and we can separate the value from the valuable to know the difference (a residue) or a basic or vice versa in order to know the level of the value. The level of the value is the magnitude of the valuable. The critical process to obtain these levels is the sensitive evaluation of value a design to be designed. The above shows that value and a difference (a residue) give a valuable plus something (x) but x should be something and the thing must be flexible to have a changing effect on the valuable. According to the view of this paper, the most suitable term to give this flexible something is ‘slack’. This can be seen as a model a flexible model and therefore a buffer. This is then a buffer model.

Abbildung in dieser Leseprobe nicht enthalten

In this paper the model defined is viewed as a 'considered level of which the level is the measured magnitude which is reached as a result of adding values to the basics of an entity, system etc. by the power of a slack to reach higher other levels, where the slack is considered to be a force of change. The change is that element of flexibility that promotes entrepreneurial elements such as innovations, new technologies, inventions/ discoveries and creativities of change. The level as mentioned earlier which is the measured magnitude and which is the performance level is the measure of the value in a valuable considering performance.

The model has the RHS - right hand side (valuable plus slack) and the LHS – left hand side (value plus basics). The RHS of the model implies the added value to the basic plus the slack. This added value is subject to further enhancement to other higher discrete levels because of the element of slack there that affects it. This shows that, a lower discrete level is subject to rising to a higher discrete level and higher and higher in the upwards direction or vice versa depending on the slack.

The LHS of the model represents a basic entity, system, life, a good, service or commodity or an object to which level is enhanced or is to be enhanced by adding value. The process, 'adding value', goes into forming a valuable (a valuable entity, system, life, good or service).

From the model above, if there is slack = 0, then value (v) + basic (b) ≤ valuable (u) + 0, therefore, v + b = u - (2), but if there is available slack = 1, 2, 3, and so on, then, the valuable (u) is affected by this slack = 1. Slack = 1 implies s1, we then have a new model, an inequality, that is, v + b ≤ u + s1 - (3). If there is slack = 2 then, u + s1 ≤ u1 + s2 - (4), and for slack = 3 we have u1 + s2 ≤ u2 + s3 - (5), where s → v thus, the s tends to behaving like v giving similar infinite chain reaction in ascending order. Since slack has a changing effect on a basic and value also has a changing effect on a basic, both of them can interchange or replace each other that is why we see the right hand side of the preceding inequalities being repeated in the left hand side of the proceeding inequalities as seen above. In further clarifying, v + b = u is such that v + b ≤ u + s1, so that u + s1 ≤ u1 + s2, where v which is the value implies now as, s1, s2, s3 but not equal to any of these slacks, that is, v is actually less than any of them in magnitude, and also, similarly as of v, b which is the basic implies u1, u2, u3 but not equal to any of these valuables in magnitude. In fact, the enhanced b is the new u i.e. the new valuable. In this case, the slack behaves as though it is a value which effects a change on the basic, and the valuable behaves as though it is the basic which is being changed into a higher status. Slack = 0 implies there is no innovation to improve the current basic or valuable at hand, however, slack = 1, 2, 3, and so on shows that there is or are innovations to advance technology for the improvement of the current basic or valuable at hand. The later also shows the level reached of performance, achievement, value and valuable of an entity, system, or a personality.

The right hand side (RHS) of the inequalities above where we have slack = s1, s2, s3 and so on, indicate that there is the potential that valuables u, u1, u2 and so on, have statuses which could be enhanced technologically through knowledge, creativity and innovations. However, if at any stage of the respective inequalities slack = 0, then we have equations instead of inequalities such as in equation (2) above, and further, v + b < u + s1 as in equation (3) above, but where s1 = 0, then v + b = u: also, u + s1 < u1 + s2 as in equation (4) above, but where s2 = 0, then u + s1 = u1: and when u1 + s2 < u2 + s3 as in equation (5) above, however, where s3 = 0, then u1 + s2 = u2. Where the symbol < means “less than”, and ≤ means “less than or equal to”.

Why chosen the very topic? A general view of the main theme, Value Design Evaluation and its Sensitivity, indicated that, it cuts across board scientific (social sciences e.g. economics, physical or natural science, where emphasis on derivation of empirical deductions and their synthesis and analysis are touched through hypothesis, experimentations, conclusions and models for onward theories to be arrived at expectedly), technology as of those in information systems and their management strategies as in human organizational management systems and internet systems, computer systems, databases and interphase language systems such as c++, java, etc. also, knowledge systems, creativity and innovations. It was realized that stages of original contribution to knowledge would be arrived at with the theme specified as shown in the specifically focused main topic above. As seen in the specifically focused topic, the mechanics of value sensitivity of designs of evaluation methodology would follow four strategies such as;

1. The scientific method
2. Human level attained
3. Human attitude towards a valuable entity
4. Use of statistically quantitative and qualitative management decision making tools to analyze and synthesize 1, 2, 3 above.

The hope was to have a model, see the model above. This was meant to serve as one of the evaluation tools to facilitate and behave as an interphase, a buffer, and a master key, taking into consideration the evaluation methodologies above and the various human and information systems. In evaluating value and for that matter performance, the accuracy (quality) of work or task finished, time used to finish the task, cost of the task or valuable obtained from executing the task, and demand for the valuable would be taken into consideration. Whatever value in performance that should be evaluated should be given a test to see whether it is observed positively or negatively. How? One of these methods is by selling (displaying) it; the idea is to see the observed attitude of a defined society towards it. This would make us sometimes adjust (slack) in a direction in favor of the society so as to pull demand and hence supply. Value and performance is firstly considered and defined by an individual, and secondly by the defined society observing the task, and thirdly by taking cue from the first and the second above, and then a system or a social or a scientific mechanism or model is designed to help easily execute similar cases.

1.2 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

This will include all the scientific methodologies necessary and will be used in the paper. That is; hypothesis, observation, measurement, experimentation, formulation, controlled experimentation testing and modification of hypothesis. According to Sciencebuddies.org, David Schwartz (1923-2012) “The scientific method is a way to ask and answer questions by making observations and doing experimentations. The steps are; ask a question, do background research, construct a hypothesis, test your hypothesis by doing an experiment, Analyze your data and draw a conclusion, communicate your results.”

1.3 HUMAN LEVEL ATTAINED

This is classified under knowledge (academic credentials, academic contributions and knowledgeable creativities), wealth (monetary wealth, collateral, and infrastructure), and authority (style and power; i.e. style- social life style and cultural life style, power-financial power, economic power and political power).

1.3.0 Knowledge: This includes academic credentials, academic contributions and knowledgeable creativities.

1.3.1 Academic Credentials : This will include the human level of education as a pure academician or as a professionally skilled trained, also, achievements in terms of course grades and the class of certificates truly obtained. Amount of workshops and seminars attended and professional experience in relation to one’s areas of studies which is acquired after school.

Also, the sum total of all areas of programs of studies and the enhanced change in the person to face tasks and the extent of capability to solve problems of those fields of studies or other fields.

1.3,2 Academic Contributions : This includes contributions such as deductions of models, principles, theories and laws for publication to scientific journals and authorship of books for publication to be used by students and instructors. ‘Academic contributions’ also involves ideas, proposals or other articles written to show the way or direct a course to the solution of an educational problem or initiation of an educational project which is published or submitted. Teaching in an effective manner also shows the level of contribution made to knowledge.

1.3.3 Knowledgeable Creativities: This includes discoveries, inventions, and innovations where there is an indication of original contributions to knowledge and amount of books or articles written and published for the purpose of human education or for technology and scientific advancement. Creativities such as the internet and the pc that empowered human in order to enhanced knowledge.

1.3.4 Wealth : This involves monetary wealth, collateral, and infrastructure. Monetary Wealth: This is made up of liquidity, money in cash at hand. Collateral: This will include achievements in terms of acquisition of collaterals and financial investments and shareholding. Also, the amount of acquisition of land buildings, plants and machineries show the amount of wealth. Infrastructure: valuable contributions to an economy such as built schools and social amenities, efficient roads and bridges, diversified transportation systems, auditoriums and buildings in general.

1.3.5 Authority : This includes style and power.

Style: Style includes social life style and the cultural life style of the people living in a particular geographical area including their spoken languages. These are very important styles for anybody to adapt to, in order to sound and seem sensitive to the system. It makes one active to propel progress and survive the system in question. It paves the way and brings ease, flexibility and success to adaptors of the styles. It is easy or the probability could be higher to control and govern the system having studied and adjusted and innovatively used the social and cultural life styles of the system and the people. The style of a people gripped and taken advantage of helps one to attain the enhanced value to the satisfaction of the people in that area. It increases respect, trust and high expectations of the people in that area for that person. Social life style: This appertains to the social life styles of the people in a system. Cultural life style: This appertains to the cultural life styles of the people in a system.

Power: This includes financial power, economic power and political power. Financial power includes the capacity of finances of an entity. Economic power includes microeconomic power and macroeconomic power. With political power, a ruler has power and an enhanced value of authority. The repose of voting trust in a person to occupy a position depends on how best he or she played politics to that effect.

1.4 HUMAN ATTITUDE TOWARDS A VALUABLE ENTITY

This shows the amount of demand for that entity. The higher the demand the more the enhanced value and vice versa

1.5 USE OF QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING TOOLS TO ANALYZE AND SYNTHESIZE THE PREVIOUS METHODOLOGIES

This includes the use of applied statistics to design and evaluate the three methodologies stated above.

1.6 THE BUFFER MODEL OF PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT (BMPM)

Why 'buffer'? A buffer according to the Oxford Advanced Learner's dictionary is defined as „a thing or a person that reduces a shock or protects somebody or something against difficulties“. This explains the model as a fundamental one which is to make flexible blends with other advanced treatments and serves as a tool of analysis. It focuses an understanding or agreement among them e.g. considering the model as a hypothetical platform, a statement of Peter Drucker in the research paper of (Mihir A, 2006) that referred to Drucker's Harvard Business Review article, could be explained or analyzed. This states that, “until a business returns a profit that is greater than its cost of capital, it operates at a loss. Never mind that it pays taxes as if it had a genuine profit. The enterprise still returns less to the economy than it devours... until then it does not create wealth, it destroys it“. Over here the (model’s) four terms value, basic, valuable, and slack, have been used to analyze Drucker's statement. The business's profit is the value in the valuable which could be achieved through the process of returning a profit. That is, adding value to the cost of capital (the basic). Without that much profit, Drucker wrote that the business operates at a loss. All the remaining extras in the statement could be the slack which is obligation due to tax payment. As a result the business's extent of wealth created depends on innovative approaches (slack) used. Without a genuine cutting-edge mechanism, crude managerial strategy (ineffective slack manipulations) would instead destroy the wealth.

Drucker's statement above was also, confirmed by Pamela Peterson Drake (1997) that, “we say that a firm has added value over a period of time when it has; generated a profit in excess of a firm's cost of capital.“ Therefore, that profit which could be affected by the slack is value added or added value. If the slack is zero the added value is at a discrete level equals a performance measure but if the slack is more than zero, a higher discrete level is reached giving a higher magnitude of the performance measure. According to Daimler, “value added is one element of the performance measurement system (Pmt) and is calculated as the difference between operational results and the cost of capital of the average net assets in that period“The profit (INVESTOPEDIA, 2013) referred above is the “economic profit”.

This example is only about economic profit. There are diversified instances that could be highlighted by using the model. In this paper, added value as noted earlier is related to performance and therefore performance measure which relates to value evaluation and not only in economics or accounting but also relating to other social sciences, science and technology where knowledge, creativity, and innovations are brought to play. For this paper, whether we are using added value or value added, we are just trying to drive at a common goal that is value sensitive design of evaluation in various systems as noted in the thesis topic above.

1.7 PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT (VALUE EVALUATION)

This according to this work is the process of determining the value or magnitude of an act, action, characteristics, level or might, or performance of something. E.g. Sales targets hit within a stipulated period of time, examination scores, durability and maneuverability of a machine, speed of moving bodies or machines, information technology systems and management systems, achievements of humans, human rights and integrity and welfare and justice systems or entities. According to William M. K. Trochim, (2006), “measurement is the process of observing and recording the observations that are collected as part of a research effort“. At Mathsfun website (2011), measurement is defined as “finding a number that shows the size of amount of something”. The Online Cambridge Dictionary (2011), defined measurement as “the act or process of measuring“. Again, the Oxford Dictionary Online (2011) defined measurement as “the action of measuring something“. For all the above definitions we can see common words such as action, process, extent, finding, value, and something. Applying these words, performance measurement can be defined as 'the act or process of finding the extent of value of performance where performance implies the action of something'. Hence performance measurement is a process and performance measure is the value of something which again as stated already in the introduction above, lies in a level which implies the value added and which can shift from one discrete level to another discrete level through adjustments effected by a change due to flexibility. This can be new knowledge discovered or innovations on or further funding of something.

1.8 AREAS WHERE PERFORMANCE MEASURE IS REQUIRED

Performance measure is applicable in education, sports, politics, economy, culture, society, technology and science, health, transportation, tourism and hospitality, and business. [UKESSAYS.COM (2003), James Raath (2007), Scott (2013)], wrote articles on key performance areas (KPA's) common to all businesses that determines the competitive differentiation. They stated that six areas can be measured and analyzed. These are;

“Aspirational Index: It is a measure of a company or team's belief in its people as the differentiating force of its business, and serves as aspirational benchmark of people's potential engagement in the financial improvement of the business when all other KPA's are applied. Leadership Index: It is the measure of the nature of influence of the organization in business by its leaders. A company's fortune lies entirely in the hands of its leaders at every level and their capacity to influence organizational engagement in the business. ' H' Factor Index: Measures the deep-seated values and emotional intelligence of people and how well they express themselves creatively and purposefully in solving problems and building relationships as a means to delivering customer impact. [UKESSAYS.COM (2003), James Raath (2007), Scott (2013)], further wrote that, it as well as measures the ‘mindset’ and ‘behavioral’ deficits that impede elite performance in a team or organization. Risk/ Reward Index: This is the measure of the extent people in an organization share organizational risks and rewards. The innovative Index: This measures how innovative a company is. The Customer Impact Index: This shows the passion that customers have and how ready they are to protect the interest and brand of the organization they deal with. [UKESSAYS.COM (2003), James Raath (2007), Scott (2013)], posited that “Lack of customers impact impedes organizational progress” Some examples of KPAs are; training, management, purchases, Research and development, administration, finance, human resources, manufacturing, quality control, marketing and sales. The KPAs explained above is not complete without looking at key performance indicators (KPIs).

1.9 KPIs – KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS (KSIs - KEY SUCCESS INDICATORS)

Reh (2013) stated that, KPIs “help an organization to define and measure progress toward organizational goals. Once an organization has analyzed its mission, identified all its stake holders, and defined its goals, it needs a way to measure progress toward those goals” Reh (2013), posited that “KPIs are different with different organizations e.g. for a business it could be the percentage of its income, with a school it could be the graduation rate of its students, for a customer service department it could be the number of calls answered in the first minute and for a social service department it could be the number of clients assisted. He opined that KPIs are long term considerations and that they must reflect organizational goals and must be key to its success, and is quantifiable (measurable)” etc KPIs are also “a combination that includes reports, spreadsheets, or charts. Sales figures and trends, over-time, personnel statistics and trends, supply chain information”. Whatever is capable of a means to summarize raw data are indicators? Examples are; quantitative which deals with figures, directional which deals with the extent of betterment or not of an organization, practical which deals with interface between existing organizational processes, actionable which deals with an organization’s capability to effect changes, and financial indicators which are used in indicating PM and operating index.

Some Examples of KPI: in the area of marketing are, new customer acquisition, demographic information, status of existing customers, turnover (revenue), outstanding balances held by segments of customers and payment terms, collection of bad debt, profitability of customers looking at their demographic background and vice versa. Another example is the use of the balance scorecard. The balance score card would not be treated but in future research work.

The probable question to rise up here is how does the buffer model agree with the ideas of other schools? Below shows how some areas discussed above is compatible with the BMPM.

1.10 COMPATIBILITY OF THE BUFFER MODEL AND OTHER SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT

The answer to the question above is how compatible the terms of other schools of thought could be with the terms of the model. Also, the model is an equation and if so, does it agree with other equations either as a whole with regards to the whole equation or partly at just the LHS or the RHS. For example, as an equation, Daimler.com stated that “value added = profit measure – net asset x cost of capital %” also, “value added = return on sale x net asset productivity – cost of capital x net asset”.

Linking this to the buffer model,

Value added = valuable + slack – basics, and hence valuable + slack – basics = profit measure – net asset x cost of capital % = return of sales – net asset productivity – cost of capital % x net asset.

A lot of switches could be done with the model as a whole equation and as in blend with other equations as could be seen above. This could lead to a lot of deductions.

1.10.0 Future Research : One of the goals is to pursue experiments with the model as an equation to arrive at new deductions. Also to know whether value added should be a multiple or an addition (an additive). Since the model is a hypothetical type, it would be too early to draw conclusions unless experiments are done to arrive at empirical replicates or formulas that will prove certainties with figures. However, the model at the moment is playing a vital role in that it could digest complex advanced statements and give it a fundamental reform as noted earlier with P. Drucker’s statement about company profit making. Also, it has the capacity of absorbing technical terms since the inherent terms in it (value, basic, valuable and slack) are general terms and this is what gives it the capacity to; serve as a point or source of reference to reach other models existing or yet to be, focus easy understanding, reduce complexity, help classify terms in other models, aid scientific integration and approach, serve as a tool of its own capacity that could analyze- synthesize- and calculate the value of performance and as noted earlier, serve as a language of understanding to other bodies of knowledge. Some bodies of knowledge among the lot are those emerging from Gene Amdahl, John Little, John L. Gustafson, Edwin H. Barsis, the Cartesian equation, etc.

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