This study was undertaken to know the Babesiosis prevalent in Ovine and Caprine in Baligubadle District, Hawd region, Somaliland. This study will add an additional advantage of the Babesiosis to cover the further way for launching sustainable animal disease controlling and minimizing in Somaliland. However there is little data on national herd distribution and composition up to date. Furthermore there is little information about the prevalence of Babesiosis in sheep and goats in Baligubadle district. Therefore this study is aimed at investigating the prevalence of sheep and goats Babesiosis in Baligubadle district, Somaliland.
Ovine and caprine babesiosis is an acute or chronic infectious disease of sheep and goats, caused by two species of Babesia, transmitted by ticks, and characterized by fever, anemia, hemoglobinuria and icterus. Ovine and Caprine Babesiosis is caused by two antigenically different species of Babesia: B. motasi, is a large and more virulent form, occurring singly or paired in erythrocytes; B. ovis which is a small form. The main objective of this study was to establish the prevalence of Babesiosis in sheep and goats in Baligubadle District, Somaliland.
Cross sectional study that has been carried out at 19 April up to 15 July in five villages in Baligubadle district. A total of 350 sheep and goats were sampled. Slides were made from a whole blood collected from the auricular vein of the animals. After staining, slides were read under a light microscope.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 justification and significance of the study
1.4 Objectives
1.4.1 General Objectives
1.4.2 Specific Objectives
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Background of Babesiosis
2.2 Etiology
2.3 Lifecycle of the Tick
2.4 Epidemiology
2.4.1 Transmission
2.4.2. Disease Geographical Distribution
2.4.3 Host Range
2.5 Pathogenesis
2.6 Clinical Signs
2.7 Diagnosis
2.7.1 Clinical Diagnosis
2.7.2 Differential Diagnosis
2.8 Laboratory Diagnosis
2.8.1 Sampling
2.9 Treatment and Control
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Study Area
3.2 Study Design
3.3 Study Population
3.4 Sample Size
3.5 Sampling Method
3.6 Materials
3.7 Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS
4.1 Democratic Characteristics of the Study Participants
4.2 Overall prevalence of Babesiosis
4.3 Prevalences of Babesiosis in Sheep and Goats
4.4 Prevalence of Babesiosis in Adult and Young of Sheep and Goats
4.5 Traditional Knowledge about Sheep and Goat Babesiosis
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION
CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Conclusion
6.2 Recommendation
Research Objectives and Focus Areas
This study aims to establish the prevalence of ovine and caprine babesiosis in the Baligubadle District of Somaliland, while identifying associated risk factors and existing indigenous knowledge regarding disease prevention and control.
- Prevalence estimation of Babesiosis in sheep and goat populations.
- Comparative analysis of prevalence based on host species and age groups.
- Evaluation of traditional disease awareness and control methods among local pastoralists.
- Assessment of the role of vectors and environmental factors in disease transmission within the region.
Excerpt from the Book
1.1 Background Information
In sheep and goats, babesiosis is caused by B. ovis and B. motasi. Rhipicephalus bursa has been shown to be a vector for B. ovis while B. motasi is transmitted by ticks of the genus Haemaphysalis (H. Punctata, H. Otophila), Dermacentor (D. silvarum) and Rhipicephalus (R. Bursa) (Taylor et al., 2007).
The babesias are one of the most ubiquitous and widespread blood parasites in the world based on numbers and distribution of species in animals, second only to the trypanosomes (Levine, N. D., 1988; Telford, S. R., et al, 1993). They generally have two classes of hosts, an invertebrate and a vertebrate host. The maintenance of Babesia spp. is dependent on both hosts; the specific tick vector must feed on a vertebrate reservoir that is competent in maintaining the Babesia organisms in an infectious state. Therefore, B. microti presents itself as an emerging zoonosis only in areas where there is a primary competent reservoir.
Summary of Chapters
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION: Covers the background of Babesiosis, the problem statement regarding livestock health in Somaliland, and defines the specific research objectives for the Baligubadle district.
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW: Reviews the biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of Babesiosis, including life cycles of vectors and current diagnostic techniques.
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY: Details the cross-sectional study design, sampling techniques, data collection in the study area, and the materials used for microscopic examination.
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS: Presents the primary data regarding prevalence percentages, demographics of participants, and the comparative results between species and age categories.
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION: Analyzes the findings in comparison to previous research in Somalia and other regions, explaining potential reasons for variations in prevalence.
CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Summarizes the key results and provides actionable recommendations for disease surveillance, veterinary training, and tick control.
Keywords
Prevalence, Ovine Babesiosis, Caprine Babesiosis, Sheep, Goat, Baligubadle, Somaliland, Ticks, Haemaphysalis, Rhipicephalus, Blood Parasites, Livestock Disease, Veterinary Epidemiology, Microscopic Examination, Tick-borne Diseases.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core focus of this research?
The research focuses on determining the prevalence of Ovine and Caprine Babesiosis in the Baligubadle District of Somaliland to address the lack of data on this production-limiting disease.
What are the primary themes discussed in the study?
The study covers the etiology of Babesia species, the role of tick vectors, clinical manifestations in small ruminants, and traditional community methods for disease management.
What is the central research question?
The central question is to establish the current prevalence rate of Babesiosis in sheep and goats within the Baligubadle District and understand how factors like age and species influence infection susceptibility.
What scientific methodology was utilized?
The study employed a cross-sectional design involving simple random sampling of villages and stratified sampling of animals, followed by microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood smears.
What does the main body of the work cover?
It covers the literature review on Babesia, detailed methodology, results including graphical analysis of prevalence across villages, and a discussion on factors influencing the disease.
Which keywords best characterize this work?
Key terms include Prevalence, Ovine and Caprine Babesiosis, Baligubadle, Somaliland, tick-borne diseases, and diagnostic microscopy.
Why is the disease locally referred to as Kaadi dhiig?
It is locally called Kaadi dhiig, meaning "blood in urine," because hemoglobinuria is a characteristic clinical sign of the infection in animals.
How do young animals differ in susceptibility compared to adults?
The study suggests that younger animals exhibit higher prevalence rates due to less developed immunity compared to adult animals that have had previous exposure to the pathogens.
What role does the border movement between Somaliland and Ethiopia play?
The free movement of livestock across the border is identified as a factor that may increase the risk of spreading infected vectors and Babesiosis within the region.
- Citar trabajo
- Ridwan Mohamed (Autor), 2020, Prevalence of ovine and caprine babesiosis in Baligubadle-District. An empirical study, Múnich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/948233
