The aim of this term paper is to examine the magnitude of cotton subsidies in developed countries and their impact on developing and least-developed countries as well as to inquire the effectiveness of the WTO in promoting free trade among its member states, especially with regards to the cotton sector. The WTO does currently not have a specific definition or certain criteria that classify a country as ‘developed’ or ‘developing’; WTO members rather decide it for themselves. This classification can, however, be challenged by other members. Concerning a definition for least-developed countries, the WTO employs the classification of the United Nations. According to the UN, LDCs are countries that “are deemed highly disadvantaged in their development process, for structural, historical and also geographical reasons” (UNCTAD, 2017). There are currently 48 countries classified as an LDC, 36 of which are WTO members. Due to the scale of the paper, only subsidies in the USA and the European Union and their economic and social consequences for the Cotton-4 will be considered.
Table of contents
Acronyms and Abbreviations
List of Tables
List of Figures
1 Introduction
2 International Trade
2.1 Globalisation and Trade Liberalisation
2.2 The Role of the World Trade Organization
3 Development of International Agricultural Trade
3.1 Agricultural Protectionism in Developed Countries
3.2 Trade Liberalisation Efforts
4 Africa’s “White Gold” and the Cotton-4
4.1 Current Cotton Production and Trade
4.2 The Role of the Cotton-4
5 Problems Faced by African Cotton Farmers
5.1 Cotton Subsidies in the US and the EU
5.2 Implications on the Cotton-4
5.2.1 Economic Implications
5.2.2 Social Implications
5.3 WTO Agricultural Negotiations and their Outcomes
6 Conclusion
7 References
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