The book consists of thirteen chapters to fulfill requirements of different kind of readers. This volume takes into account the study of Thermometry, Kinetic theory of gases, the equation of state, The change of state, Transmission of heat, First law of Thermodynamics, Thermodynamic functions, Second law of Thermodynamics, Third law of Thermodynamics, Maxwell's equation, Clausius–Clapeyron equation and Radiation Laws. The volume contains illustrative examples of both the ideas and the methods. The book is intended as a text book on Heat, Thermodynamics and Radiation for undergraduate levels and also as a reference book for anyone who is interested in this field of enquiry. The book is comprehensive enough to cover all the topics that are usually taught to upper-undergraduate students of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering. This book will be useful to students and teachers in different universities around the world.
Contents
Chapter –1 Thermometry
1. 1 Introduction to thermometry
1. 2 Different types of Thermometers
1. 3 Scale of thermometers
1. 4 Resistance Thermometry: Principle of platinum resistance thermometer
1. 5 Construction Details of Platinum Resistance Thermometers
1. 6 Advantages and disadvantages of platinum thermometers
1. 7 Low Temperature Thermometry
1. 8 High Temperature Thermometry (Pyrometry)
1. 9 International Temperature Scale
1. 10 Liquid Thermometers: Mercury Thermometer Errors and Corrections in a Mercury Thermometer
1. 11 Advantages of a Gas Thermometer
1. 12 Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
1. 13 Some important solved problems are relevant to the chapter
1. 14 Review and Summary
Chapter –2 Kinetic theory of gases
2. 1 An introduction: The kinetic theory of gases
2. 2 The kinetic theory of gases: Study of microscopic behavior
2. 3 Main components and main assumptions to kinetic theory of gases
2. 4 The concept of the kinetic theory of gases
2. 5 Postulates of the Kinetic Theory of Gases
2. 6 Equation of state for a perfect gas
2. 7 Principle of Equipartition of Energy and Maxwell’s Law of Equipartition of Energy
2. 8 Mean Free Path and Brownian motion
2. 9 Mathematical Expressions for Mean Free Path
2. 10 An ideal gas: A microscopic point of view
2. 11 Perfect gas versus an Ideal gas
2. 12 Ideal gas equation: A short description
2. 13 Ideal gas equation from Boyle’s and Charle’s Law
2. 14 Gas laws from kinetic theory
2. 15 Gas Equation and Universal gas constant
2. 16 Some important solved Problems are relevant to the chapter
2. 17 Review and Summary
Chapter –3 Equations of State
3. 1 Explain Equations of state
3. 2 Vander Waals Equation of State
3. 3 Van der Waals’ Equation and Critical Constants
3. 4 Values of Van der Waals’ Constants
3. 5 Boyle temperature from Van der Waals’ equation and the Values of a and b
3. 6 The reduced equation of state and the law of corresponding states
3. 7 Explanation of Amagat’s curve after Van der Waals
3. 8 Defects of Van der Waals’ equation
3. 9 Joule-Thomson cooling for a Van der Waals’ gas (i.e. a real gas)
3. 10 Relation between Boyle Temperature, Temperature of Inversion and Critical Temperature
3. 11 Some important solved Problems are relevant to the chapter
3. 12 Review and Summary
Chapter –4 Change of state
4. 1 Explain Change of state: A short vignette
4. 2 Example of Changes of state and causes a physical change of state
4. 3 Introduction to Low Temperature
4. 4 Joule-Thomson’s effect: Temperature of inversion
4. 5 Cooling by External Refrigerant
4. 6 Comparison between the absorption system and the compression system
4. 7 The Heat Pump
4. 8 Freezing of a pond or a lake
4. 9 Wiedmann and Franz's Law
4. 10 The Triple Point
4. 11 Prevost Theory of Exchange
4. 12 Joule-Thomson’s Porous Plug experiment [or Joule-Kelvin’s]
4. 13 Elementary Theory of Porous Plug Experiment
4. 14 Dalton’s laws of vapour pressures
4. 15 Altitude and boiling point
4. 16 Some important solved problems are relevant to the chapter
4. 17 Review and Summary
Chapter –5 Transmission of heat
5. 1 Modes of transmission
5. 2 Thermal Conductivity, Units of thermal Conductivity and the Dimension of thermal Conductivity [K]
5. 3 Temperature Gradient: The fall of temperature with distance in the direction of heat flow
5. 4 Thermometric Conductivity or Diffusivity (h)
5. 5 Steady state of the metal bar
5. 6 Rectilinear Flow of Heat along a Bar
5. 7 Describe Ingen Hausz's experiment and prove from the mathematical theory that the conductivities of the different bars vary as the square of the lengths up to which the wax melts.
5. 8 Heat flow through a compound wall [conduction of heat through composite-blocks]
5. 9 Thermal conductivity by the method of radial flow of heat [Nussle’s spherical shell method]
5. 10 Thermal conductivity by radial flow of heat through a cylindrical shell [For poor or bad conductors]
5. 11 Thermal conductivity of a good conductor [Searle’s method]
5. 12 Searle’s bar method [SBM] is recommended to determine the thermal Conductivity of the Substance for industries rather than Ingen Housz experimental method [IHEM]
5. 13 Some important solved problems are relevant to the chapter
5. 14 Review and Summary
Chapter –6 The First Law of Thermodynamics
6. 1 System and thermodynamic system
6. 2 Laws of thermodynamics: Four basic laws have been established
6. 3 Thermal equilibrium and thermodynamic equilibrium
6. 4 The first law of thermodynamics
6. 5 Isothermal Process and Adiabatic Process
6. 6 Application of First law of Thermodynamics
6. 7 Perfect gas equation Cp − Cv = R [Specific heat difference]
6. 8 Connection between pressure and volume in an adiabatic process i.e., PV^gamma = Constant
6. 9 Zeroth law of thermodynamics and its application
6. 10 Some important solved Problems are relevant to the chapter
6. 11 Review and Summary
Chapter – 7 Thermodynamic Functions
7. 1 Thermodynamic functions and state functions
7. 2 Different types of thermodynamic functions
7. 3 Thermodynamic functions: Internal or Intrinsic Energy (U)
7. 4 Thermodynamic functions: Enthalpy or Total Heat (H)
7. 5 Thermodynamic functions: Helmholtz free energy (F or A) [Thermodynamic potential at constant volume]
7. 6 Thermodynamic functions: Gibbs free energy (G) [Thermodynamic potential at constant pressure]
7. 7 Thermodynamic condition for equilibrium
7. 8 Review and Summary
Chapter –8 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
8. 1 The second law of thermodynamics
8. 2 Entropy: A brief description of disorder or randomness in a system
8. 3 Rigid description of Entropy and its Physical significance of entropy
8. 4 Reversible process and Irreversible process
8. 5 Ratio of the specific heats [Ks/Kt = Cp/Cv = gamma]
8. 6 Entropy for Perfect Gas
8. 7 Change in entropy in terms of pressure: Another approach of entropy for a perfect gas
8. 8 Change in Entropy in a Reversible Process
8. 9 Change in Entropy in an Irreversible Process
8. 10 Obtain an expression for the change in entropy by a perfect gas in expanding isothermal from volume V1 and V2 in a reversible process
8. 11 Obtain an expression for the change in entropy by a perfect gas changes in reversible process when the gas is heated at constant volume
8. 12 Change of entropy between any two states is independent of the path chosen for the transformation
8. 13 Some important solved Problems relevant to the chapter
8. 14 Review and Summary
Chapter –9 The Third Law of Thermodynamics
9. 1 The third law of thermodynamics
9. 2 Another approach of Third law of thermodynamics
9. 3 The third law of thermodynamics and its importance
9. 4 Third law of thermodynamics holds for any system
9. 5 Third law of thermodynamics valid even for objects smaller than atoms
9. 6 A general derivation and quantification of third law of thermodynamics
9. 7 The Third Law of Thermodynamics: Explain how absolute zero affects entropy
9. 8 Review and Summary
Chapter –10 Heat Engine [Carnot's Theorem and Carnot's Cycle]
10. 1 Heat Engine, Ideal heat engine, Basic principle of heat engine and Working principle of heat engine
10. 2 Schematic diagram of a heat engine and types of heat engine
10. 3 The main advantages and disadvantages of heat engine
10. 4 Introduction of Carnot Cycle and Carnot’s Theorem
10. 5 Efficiency of Heat Engine [Carnot cycle]
10. 6 The Essentials of any Heat Engine
10. 7 Operation for calculating the efficiency by Carnot’s Cycle
10. 8 The ratio of the temperature on the perfect gas scale is the same as the ratio of the temperature on the Kelvin scale
10. 9 Some important solved Problems are relevant to the chapter
10. 10 Review and Summary
Chapter –11 Maxwell's equation
11. 1 Maxwell's relations
11. 2 Maxwell’s Equation from Thermodynamic Functions
11. 3 An Alternate Approach of the Maxwell’s Equation from Euler equations
11. 4 Application of Maxwell Equations: Specific Heat at Constant Volume
11. 5 Application of Maxwell Equations: Specific Heat at Constant Pressure
11. 6 An Expression for specific heat difference
11. 7 Significance of the change in internal energy with respect to volume at constant temperature is zero. I.e.,
11. 8 The change in internal energy with respect to volume at constant temperature is zero for a perfect gas
11. 9 Specific heat difference: Another important aspect
11. 10 The reciprocity relation: A vignette
11. 11 The reciprocity relation: Using the characteristic functions and the thermodynamic parameters
11. 12 Significance of the TdS relation
11. 13 Application of TdS relation
11. 14 Some important solved Problems relevant to the chapter and play a crucial idea about thermodynamic parameter I.e., the entropy
11. 15 Some important Relations concern with entropy
11. 16 Review and Summary
Chapter –12 Clausius–Clapeyron equation
12. 1 The Clausius–Clapeyron equation: A resume
12. 2 The Clausius-Clapeyron equation: First latent heat equation
12. 3 Clausius-Clapeyron equation: An elementary proof
12. 4 Effect of Pressure on Boiling Point
12. 5 Thermodynamic Properties of a Substance
12. 6 Mayer's hypothesis: Joule's law for a perfect gas
12. 7 The cooling effect is due to departures from Mayer's hypothesis and Boyle’s law
12. 8 An important application of Mayer's hypothesis
12. 9 Some important solved Problems are relevant to the chapter
12. 10 Review and Summary
Chapter –13 Radiation Laws
13. 1 The concept of the black body and perfectly black body
13. 2 The radiation inside the hollow enclosure is independent of the nature or the geometrical shape of the walls of the enclosure or of anybody placed inside it
13. 3 Black Body: A concrete description
13. 4 Blackbody Intensity as a function of frequency
13. 5 Black Body Radiation: Quantum mechanical view
13. 6 Black Body Radiation: A novel concept was the birth of Quantum Mechanics
13. 7 Quanta or Photon/Quantum
13. 8 Formulation of Planck's radiation law
13. 9 Properties of radiation
13. 10 Formulation of another radiation laws from Planck's radiation law
13. 11 The Rayleigh-Jeans Radiation Law and its Derivation
13. 12 Wien's displacement law: A vignette
13. 13 The Stefan–Boltzmann law: A recommence
13. 14 Comments on the development of the Rayleigh-Jeans Law
13. 15 Rayleigh-Jeans Law versus Plank’s Law
13. 16 Planck's quantum hypothesis
13. 17 Application of Planck's law
13. 18 Applications of the Rayleigh–Jeans law
13. 19 Applications of the Stefan-Boltzmann law
13. 20 Applications of Wien's law or Wien's displacement law
13. 21 Stefan’s law: An elementary proof
13. 22 Some important solved problems are relevant to the chapter
13. 23 Review and Summary
Objectives and Topics
This textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to the foundational principles and methods in the fields of Heat, Thermodynamics, and Radiation, specifically tailored for upper undergraduate Physics students. The research-oriented approach explores the transition from large-scale thermal phenomena to small-scale microscopic interactions, using illustrative examples to derive key formulas and explain thermodynamic experiments.
- Measurement techniques including various types of thermometry.
- Kinetic theory of gases and equations of state for perfect and real gases.
- Fundamental laws of thermodynamics, including the first, second, and third laws.
- Mathematical frameworks like Maxwell's equations and the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.
- Physics of radiation, covering black body radiation, Planck's law, and quantum mechanical perspectives.
Excerpt from the book
1.1 Introduction to Thermometry
The thermal state or condition of a body which determines whether a body can give out heat to or receive heat from another body placed in contact with it, is known as its temperature. Heat flows of itself from a body at a higher temperature to another at a lower temperature, just as water flows from a higher level to a lower level. Temperature may be termed as the “degree of hotness or coldness,” and therefore is essentially a quantity which cannot be directly measures in the strict sense of the term. But for various purposes we measure temperature in some indirect way. Some effects, like expansion, or change of some physical property of a substance, which differ at different states of hotness, can be measures directly, and in terms of these the temperature can be expressed according to some arbitrary scale that we choose. Thermometry is that branch of science, which concerns the measurement of temperature. ‘Therm’ means temperature and ‘metry’ means measurement.
Although heat and temperature are very closely related, they do not convey the same meaning. Heat is a form of energy and like other forms of energy it is a measurable physical quantity. Heat energy can be derived from any other form of energy and can also be transformed into other forms of energy, the transformation being always subject to a universal law, called the law of conservation of energy.
Summary of Chapters
Thermometry: Details the principles of temperature measurement and various types of thermometers, including liquid, gas, and resistance thermometers.
Kinetic theory of gases: Provides an overview of microscopic behavior, assumptions, and postulates of gases, including ideal and perfect gas equations.
Equations of State: Discusses real gas behavior using the Van der Waals equation and explains critical constants and Joule-Thomson cooling.
Change of state: Covers physical state changes, phase transitions, and principles of refrigeration and low-temperature physics.
Transmission of heat: Explores the modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, radiation) and experimental methods to determine thermal conductivity.
The First Law of Thermodynamics: Establishes thermodynamic systems, basic laws of thermodynamics, and applications like the adiabatic process.
Thermodynamic Functions: Analyzes state functions, internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Describes entropy, reversible/irreversible processes, and the second law's implications for heat conversion.
The Third Law of Thermodynamics: Explains the absolute zero limit, entropy behavior, and statistical definitions related to the third law.
Heat Engine [Carnot's Theorem and Carnot's Cycle]: Analyzes the efficiency of heat engines and provides a detailed breakdown of Carnot's cycle and theorem.
Maxwell's equation: Derives and applies Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations to quantify properties like specific heat and internal energy changes.
Clausius–Clapeyron equation: Explains phase boundary relations and the impact of pressure on melting and boiling points.
Radiation Laws: Covers black body radiation, Planck's law, and the transition from classical to quantum mechanical descriptions of heat radiation.
Keywords
Thermometry, Kinetic Theory of Gases, Thermodynamics, Heat Engine, Entropy, Maxwell's Equations, Clausius-Clapeyron, Radiation, Black Body, Planck's Law, Enthalpy, Internal Energy, Phase Transition, Thermal Conductivity, Quantum Mechanics
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this textbook?
The book serves as a fundamental textbook for upper undergraduate students of Physics, covering essential topics in Heat, Thermodynamics, and Radiation.
What central thematic fields are covered?
The core themes include the microscopic study of gases (kinetic theory), thermal state properties, laws of thermodynamics, heat transfer mechanisms, and the quantum mechanical foundations of radiation.
What is the main objective of this work?
The objective is to provide a comprehensive and manageable resource that covers basic principles and methods in a way that is easily accessible to students who may not have extensive prior study in these specific fields.
Which scientific methods are utilized?
The text utilizes a combination of theoretical derivations based on established laws, statistical mechanical approaches (like Boltzmann distribution), and illustrative calculations for specific thermodynamic experiments.
What is covered in the main body chapters?
The chapters systematically progress from fundamental concepts like temperature measurement to complex subjects such as Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations, radiation laws, and Carnot cycle heat engine analysis.
Which keywords best characterize this work?
Key concepts include thermodynamics, entropy, kinetic theory, heat transfer, Maxwell's relations, phase changes, and black body radiation.
How is the Joule-Thomson effect addressed in this book?
The effect is discussed as a temperature change occurring when a gas expands through a porous plug, and it is theoretically analyzed to determine the temperature of inversion.
How does the text approach the Third Law of Thermodynamics?
It explains the law through the concept of absolute zero, noting that it defines entropy as a well-defined constant at this limit and provides an absolute reference point for measurement.
- Quote paper
- Alauddin Khan (Author), 2020, Heat, Thermodynamics and Radiation, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/967942
