The book is intended as a text book on Electricity and Magnetism for undergraduate levels students of Physics and also as a reference book for anyone who is interested in this field of enquiry. This volume demanded such as to explain the physical concepts, to describe the mathematical formalism, and to present illustrative examples of both the ideas and the methods of Electricity and Magnetism.
The book comprehensively discusses all topics that are usually taught to upper undergraduate students of Physics. Written for general physics courses this text deals with large-scale phenomena and then proceeds to small-scale less accessible phenomena. Examples of calculations are presented after important formulas are derived, and actual related experiments are explained in detail. Sometimes, students were facing serious obstacles in their learning process due to their unavoidable situations and lack of previous background study of Electricity and Magnetism. This book will help the students alike who have no previous much study of Electricity and Magnetism. It is written such that the basic understanding of Electricity and Magnetism is conveyed to the students without any difficulty. Also teachers of courses on Electricity and Magnetism can use this book as their own lecture plans without any modification.
It is to be noted that the purpose of this book is to cover the basic principles and methods of Electricity and Magnetism which are usually included in the course of teaching Physics at the undergraduate levels student. I hope this book will be useful to the students and teachers in the different universities around the world.
Table of Contents
1. Charge and Matter
1.1 Electromagnetism: A Preview
1.2 Electrical charge
1.3 Different types of Electrical charges: A brief explanation
1.4 Conductors and Insulators
1.5 Charge and Matter
1.6 Coulomb's Law for electrostatic
1.7 Significance and demerit of Coulomb's inverse square law
1.8 Coulomb's constant and the validity of Coulomb's inverse square law
1.9 Charges are quantized and Charge quantization
1.10 Charge conservation
1.11 Exceptions to the indivisibility of the elementary charge [Charges less than an elementary charge]
1.12 Quantum of charge
1.13 Some important solved problems are much concern with the theory in this Chapter
1.14 Review and Summary
2. The Electric Field
2.1 The Electric Field and Electric Field Strength.
2.2 Electric lines of force and Properties of Electric Field Lines.
2.3 Determine the electric field E at any given point.
2.4 An electric dipole and Electric Dipole moment.
2.5 The electric field E, for a distant point along the perpendicular bisector of an electric dipole.
2.6 The electric field E for points on the axis of a ring at a distance from its centre.
2.7 The electric field intensity due to a very long straight uniform charge wire.
2.8 Uniform electric field and a dipole is placed in an external Electric Field.
2.9 The motion of charged particles in electric field.
2.10 Deflecting an Electron Beam.
2.11 Some important solved Problems are relevant to the chapter
2.12 Review and Summary
3. Gauss's Law for Electrostatic
3.1 Electric flux: A general discussion
3.2 Electric flux: A brief idea through hypothetically
3.3 Gauss's law and when do apply Gauss's law [concept of Gauss's law]
3.4 Gaussian surface, uses of Gaussian surface and essential Properties
3.5 Gauss's Law for Electrostatic: Mathematical formulation
3.6 Electric flux for cylindrical surface immersed in a uniform electric field parallel to its axis
3.7 Introduction: Application of Gauss's Law for Electrostatic
3.8 Gauss's law and Coulomb's law: Coulomb's law can be deduced from Gauss's law
3.9 Application of Gauss's Law: Spherically symmetric charge distribution Spherically symmetric charge distribution: Electric field intensity due to [1] At a point outside of the charged sphere [2] At a point inside the charged sphere [3] At a point on the surface
3.10 Application of Gauss's Law: Line of charge
3.11 Application of Gauss's Law: A sheet of charge [Electric field due to uniformly charged plane]
3.12 Application of Gauss's Law: A charged conductor
3.13 A comparative study: A sheet of charge and a charged conductor
3.14 Field due to two parallel charged plates
3.15 Thomson's model
3.16 The Rutherford Model of the atom
3.17 Conclusion of the Rutherford Model
3.18 Drawbacks of the Rutherford Model of the atom
3.19 Some important solved problems are relevant to the chapter
3.20 Review and Summary
4. The Electric Potential
4.1 Electric potential and electric potential difference
4.2 Relation between electric potential and field strength: A test charge moved in a uniform electric field by an external agent
4.3 Relation between electric potential and field strength: A test charge moved in a non-uniform electric field by an external agent
4.4 An alternate approach of the Relation between electric potential and field strength: A test charge moved in a non-uniform electric field by an external agent
4.5 Potential due to a point charge
4.6 A uniformly charged circular disk: whose surface charge density is σ
4.7 Electric Potential due to a dipole
4.8 Electric quadrupole: A concrete commence
4.9 Electric potential due to electric quadrupole
4.10 Calculation electric field from electric potential
4.11 Electric potential energy
4.12 The quantitative relation between surface charge density σ and the curvature of the surface in a particular case by considering two spheres of different radii connected by a very long fine wire
4.13 Electrical generator: A basic view
4.14 The Van de Graaff Generator
4.15 Some important solved problems are relevant to the chapter
4.16 Review and Summary
5. Capacitors and Dielectrics
5.1 Capacitor (originally known as a condenser) and capacitance and uses of capacitor
5.2 Difference between AC and DC capacitor
5.3 Symbols of different types of capacitor and their descriptions
5.4 Capacitors in series
5.5 Capacitors in Parallel
5.6 Capacitance for a cylindrical capacitor
5.7 Capacitance for a spherical capacitor
5.8 Capacitance for parallel plate capacitor
5.9 Dielectric and Gauss's law
5.10 Energy storage in an electric field
5.11 Relation between three Electric vectors
5.12 Relation between Polarization vector and Electric vector
5.13 Introduction: Dielectrics
5.14 Some practical dielectrics
5.15 Polar molecules and Non-polar molecules and the electric polarization P
5.16 Electric susceptibility and Dielectric constant
5.17 Review and Summary
6. Current and Resistance
6.1 Ohm's Law, Resistance, Resistivity and Conductivity
6.2 An expression of electrical resistivity or specific resistance
6.3 Current and current density
6.4 Drift velocity of an electron
6.5 Resistivity: An atomic view
6.6 Energy transfers in an electric circuit
6.7 Some important solved Problems that are much concern with this chapter
6.8 Review and Summary
7. Electromotive Force and Circuits
7.1 Electromotive force [e.m.f]
7.2 Electromotive Force (e.m.f) Vs Potential Difference
7.3 A short rigid view of Electromotive Force Vs Potential Difference
7.4 Kirchhoff's law: Kirchhoff's Current Law and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
7.5 Some important terms which are used in the circuit while applying Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
7.6 Series Combination
7.7 Parallel Combination
7.8 Introduction to RC circuit
7.9 Review and Summary
8. Application of RC, LR, LCR Circuits
8.1 Frequency Response
8.2 Calculation of the Resistance of a Commercial Resistor using Colour Code
8.3 Calculation of the Capacitance of a Commercial capacitor
8.4 Current –Voltage relationship in a simple inductive circuit
8.5 An alternate approach: Current –Voltage relationship in a simple inductive circuit
8.6 Variation of Inductance and Inductive reactance with frequency in a simple Inductive circuit
8.7 Current –Voltage relationship for simple capacitive circuit
8.8 Variation of Capacitance and Capacitive reactance with frequency for capacitive circuit
8.9 Design and construct a high pass filter circuit and explain frequency response characteristic curves
8.10 Design and construct the frequency response characteristics of a low pass filter circuit
8.11 LCR Series Circuit
8.12 LCR-Parallel Circuit
8.13 Some important solved Problems that are much concern with this chapter
8.14 Review and Summary
9. The Magnetic Field
9.1 Magnetic Induction
9.2 The force acting on the wire: A wire carrying a current i is placed at right angles to a field of magnetic induction B
9.3 Torque on a Current Loop: A rectangular coil carrying a current i is placed in a uniform external magnetic field
9.4 Magnetic Flux
9.5 Lorentz Force
9.6 Circulating Charges
9.7 The Cyclotron: A short description
9.8 The Cyclotron frequency and its working principle
9.9 The Kinetic energy of the particle produced in the cyclotron
9.10 Hall Effect and its Application
9.11 Hall voltage, Hall Coefficient and Electron mobility
9.12 Some important solved problems relevant to the chapter
9.13 Review and Summary
10. Ampere's Law
10.1 Ampere’s Law: Uses of Ampere’s Law
10.2 A solenoid: A short description on solenoid
10.3 Application of Ampere's law
10.4 Biot-Savart Law and its application
10.5 Two Parallel Conductors
10.6 Solenoid and determine the magnetic induction for a long solenoid.
10.7 A circular current loop of radius R carrying a current i:B for points on the axis.
10.8 A long straight wire: Illustrate the law of Biot and Savart by applying it to find B due to a current i in a long straight wire. Discussed this problem at length in connection with Ampere’s law.
10.9 A flat strip of copper of width a and negligible thickness carrying a current i. Determination of the magnetic field at a distance R from the center of the strip, at right angles to the strip.
10.10 A toroid, which may be described as a solenoid of finite length bent into the shape of a doughnut. Calculate B at interior points.
10.11 Summary of the Properties of Electric and Magnetic Dipoles
10.12 Some important solved problems are relevant to the chapter
10.13 Review and Summary
11. Faradays Law
11.1 Faraday’s Law: Electromagnetic induction and Mathematical expression
11.2 Applications of Faraday's Law
11.3 Two important laws of Faradays Electromagnetic induction and Method to change the magnetic field
11.4 Induction – A Quantitative Study
11.5 Time-Varying Magnetic Fields
11.6 Electromotive force [e.m.f] developed between the two ends of the copper rod of length L rotates at an angular frequency ω in a uniform field of magnetic induction B
11.7 The Betatron: Development of Betatron and its functions
11.8 Oscillation, Applications and Limitations of Betatron
11.9 Some important points from the circuit diagram of the Betatron
11.10 Some important solved Problems are relevant to the chapter
11.11 Review and Summary
12. Inductance
12.1 Inductor, types of inductor, function of inductors and energy storage in the inductor
12.2 Self- Inductance and its unit
12.3 Calculation of self-inductance
12.4 An LR Circuit
12.5 An expression for the inductance of a toroid of rectangular cross-section.
12.6 Energy density in a magnetic field
12.7 Mutual Inductance
12.8 Some important solved problems relevant to the chapter
12.9 Review and Summary
13. Magnetic Properties of Matter
13.1 Magnetic properties of matter: An acute discussion
13.2 Magnetism
13.3 Atomic theory of Magnetism (the origin of magnetic moment)
13.4 Classification of the magnetic materials and a comparative study of magnetic materials
13.5 Short features of Magnetic materials and their Magnetic dipole arrangements
13.6 Magnetic materials with their important interesting features
13.7 Concept of magnetic susceptibility of Diamagnetic and Para/Ferromagnetic materials
13.8 Magnetic Domains
13.9 Hysteresis Loop
13.10 A connection between magnetic dipole μl and the orbital angular momentum Ll
13.11 Larmor frequency, Larmor precession and Larmor theorem
13.12 The spin angular momentum of the top and the proton, which has quantized spin angular momentum Lp
13.13 Classical Langevin diamagnetic equation
13.14 Sources or the origin of Paramagnetism
13.15 The classical theory of paramagnetic material
13.16 Quantum theory of the Paramagnetism
13.17 Magnetic Resonance and different types of manetic resonance
13.18 Application of Magnetic resonance
13.19 NMR [Nuclear Magnetic Resonance]
13.20 Gauss's Law for Magnetism
13.21 Some important solved relevant Problems to the chapters
13.22 Review and Summary
14. Electromagnetic Oscillations
14.1 Analogy to Simple Harmonic Motion
14.2 Electromagnetic Oscillations: Quantitative
14.3 Forced Oscillations and Resonance
14.4 Four Oscillating Systems
14.5 Displacement Current: The displacement current in the gap is identical with the conduction current in the lead wires
14.6 Eddy currents and application areas of eddy currents
14.7 Maxwell's equation: A brief description with Albert Einstein quote
14.8 The basic equation of Electromagnetism
14.9 Pole and Dipoles
14.10 Gauss's law for magnetism
14.11 Maxwell's equation and its physical significance
14.12 Maxwell's Equations are so important in physics and engineering: Maxwell's equation used in real life
14.13 Maxwell's equation, Coulomb Gauge, Lorentz Gauge and Differential equation
14.14 Retarded Potential
14.15 Induced Magnetic Fields
14.16 Maxwell's equations describe all of electrodynamics
14.17 Correction of Ampere's Law
14.18 Differential form of Maxwell's electromagnetic field equation
14.19 Electromagnetic wave equation: Electromagnetic Wave Equation for H
14.20 Electromagnetic Wave Equation for E: Electromagnetic wave equation for conducting medium
14.21 Plane wave solution
14.22 Electric and Magnetic field are perpendicular in the direction of propagation
14.23 Propagation of plane monochromatic wave in non-conducting or dielectric medium
14.24 Some important problems relevant to the chapter
14.25 Review and Summary
Objectives and Topics
This book aims to provide a comprehensive and manageable introduction to the principles of electricity and magnetism for undergraduate students in engineering and the physical sciences. The text systematically develops the field, starting from large-scale phenomena and moving into complex, small-scale interactions, supported by rigorous mathematical derivation and detailed practical examples.
- Fundamental electrostatic principles, including Coulomb's Law and Gauss's Law.
- Comprehensive analysis of electric fields, potentials, and capacitance.
- Development of circuit theory, including RC, RL, and LCR configurations.
- Advanced electrodynamics, covering Ampere's Law, Faraday's Law, and Maxwell's equations.
- The study of magnetic properties of matter and electromagnetic oscillations.
Excerpt from the book
1.1 Electromagnetism: A Preview
There are numerous mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field. In classical electrodynamics, electric fields are described as electric potential and electric current. The theoretical implications of electromagnetism, particularly the establishment of the speed of light based on properties of the "medium" of propagation (permeability and permittivity), led to the development of special relativity by Albert Einstein in 1905. The science of electricity has its roots in the observation, known to Thales of Miletus in 600B.C., that a rubbed piece of amber will attract bits of straw. The study of magnetism goes back to the observation that naturally occurring stones that is magnet will attract iron. These two sciences developed quite separately until 1820, when Hanas Christian Orested [1777-1851] observed a connection between them, namely that an electric current in a wire can affect a magnetic compass needle.
The new science of electromagnetism was developed further by many Scientists, of whom one of the most important was Michael Faraday [1791-1867]. In Faraday's law, magnetic fields are associated with electromagnetic induction. It fell to James Clerk Maxwell [1831-1879] to put the laws of electromagnetism in the form in which we know them today. These laws often called Maxwell's equations. Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each other and by charges and currents. These laws play the same role in electromagnetism that Newton's laws of motion and of gravitation do in mechanics.
Summary of Chapters
1. Charge and Matter: Introduces basic concepts of electrical charge, Coulomb’s Law, charge quantization, and conservation principles.
2. The Electric Field: Details the definition of electric fields, their properties, dipoles, and their effects on charged particles.
3. Gauss's Law for Electrostatic: Covers Gauss’s Law, its mathematical formulation, and its applications to various charge distributions.
4. The Electric Potential: Explores electric potential, potential difference, and its relationship with the electric field.
5. Capacitors and Dielectrics: Discusses the structure, function, and behavior of capacitors and dielectrics in electric circuits.
6. Current and Resistance: Examines Ohm’s Law, resistance, resistivity, conductivity, and the micro-physics of current flow.
7. Electromotive Force and Circuits: Focuses on EMF, potential difference, Kirchhoff’s laws, and basic DC circuit analysis.
8. Application of RC, LR, LCR Circuits: Provides analysis of frequency response and behavior of reactive components in AC circuits.
9. The Magnetic Field: Introduces magnetic induction, the force on current-carrying wires, and basic magnetic phenomena.
10. Ampere's Law: Details Ampere’s Law and its applications, including solenoids and circular current loops.
11. Faradays Law: Covers electromagnetic induction, Faraday’s Law, and practical devices like the Betatron.
12. Inductance: Explores self-inductance, mutual inductance, and energy storage in magnetic fields.
13. Magnetic Properties of Matter: Discusses classifications of magnetic materials, domains, and hysteresis.
14. Electromagnetic Oscillations: Concludes with a discussion on Maxwell’s equations, electromagnetic waves, and oscillation systems.
Keywords
Electromagnetism, Electric Charge, Electric Field, Gauss's Law, Electric Potential, Capacitor, Dielectric, Current, Resistance, Electromotive Force, Kirchhoff's Laws, Magnetic Induction, Ampere's Law, Faraday's Law, Inductance, Magnetic Properties of Matter, Maxwell's Equations
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the fundamental focus of this physics textbook?
The book provides a foundational overview of electromagnetism, covering topics from electrostatics and circuit theory to Maxwell’s equations and magnetic material properties.
Which central topics are discussed in the early chapters?
The first few chapters focus on the nature of electric charge, the behavior of electric fields, the application of Gauss's Law, and the concept of electric potential.
What is the primary objective regarding student learning?
The primary goal is to present complex physical concepts in an easily understandable and manageable way for upper-undergraduate students, bridging the gap between theoretical physics and practical application.
Which scientific methodology does the book employ?
The book uses a standard academic approach, starting with fundamental principles, providing mathematical derivations, and reinforcing concepts through illustrative solved problems and exercises.
What content is included in the later chapters?
The later chapters delve into advanced topics such as electromagnetic induction (Faraday's Law), inductance, magnetic properties of matter, and electromagnetic oscillations described by Maxwell’s equations.
Which keywords define this work?
Key terms include Electromagnetic induction, Capacitance, Inductance, Magnetic susceptibility, Maxwell's Equations, and Coulomb's Law.
How does the book address the Rutherford model of the atom?
The text analyzes the Rutherford model within the context of electrostatics, explaining the force interactions between electrons and the nucleus and highlighting the model's limitations.
What is the significance of the "Citations Foundation" section?
This section lists the reference textbooks (such as Resnick and Halliday, Beiser, etc.) that the authors used to synthesize the information, providing students with further resources.
- Quote paper
- Dr. Alauddin Khan (Author), Prof. Dr. Shumsun Naher Begum (Author), 2020, Electricity and Magnetism. Basic principles and methods, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/975554
