This volume has study of crystal structure, the crystal bindings in solids, free electron theory, crystal defects, color centers, semiconductors, and superconductivity is made to fulfill the requirements of different kinds of readers. Electrical properties of metals, especially band theory of solids, magnetic properties of materials and dielectric properties of materials are discussed in details with fairness. Magnetic properties of materials id est, the classical theory of magnetism and the Quantum theory of magnetism have been discussed in two different Chapters. In the same way, the Classical statistical mechanics and the Quantum statistical mechanics have been discussed in two different chapters. This volume has to present illustrative examples of both the ideas and the methods. The book is intended as a text book on Solid State Physics for undergraduate, graduate, and Masters Levels and also as a reference book for anyone who is interested in this field of enquiry. It is to be noted that the purpose of this book is to cover the basic principles and methods of Solid State Physics which are usually included in the course of teaching Physics at the undergraduate, graduate, and Masters Levels. We hope that this book will be useful to the students and teachers in the different universities around the world.
Table of Contents
Chapter -1 Atomic Structure: A brief review
1.1 The Rutherford Model of the atom
1.2 Conclusion of the Rutherford Model
1.3 Drawbacks of the Rutherford Model of the atom
1.4 The Bohr Atom
1.5 Bohr's theory of hydrogen atom
1.6 Total energy of the electron in the stationary orbits
1.7 Calculation of radius of nth permissible orbit rn and energy of nth permissible orbit En for hydrogen atom
1.8 Bohr's interpretation of hydrogen spectrum
1.9 Spectral series of hydrogen
1.10 Shortcomings of Bohr's theory
1.11 Vector atom model
1.12 Bohr- Sommerfeld Orbit
1.13 Orbitals
1.14 Atomic Orbitals
1.15 Modern Periodic Table
1.16 Review and Summary
Chapter -2 Crystal Structure
2.1 Introduction: The Solid State
2.2 Solids and different type of solids
2.3 Difference between Single crystal, Polycrystal and Amorphous solids
2.4 Four fundamental states of matter: Plasma
2.5 Quantum critical point and phase transition (or phase change) of an amorphous or non-crystalline solid
2.6 Lattice points, space lattice, Bravais lattice and translational vectors
2.7 Crystallography: A brief view
2.8 Crystal lattice, Basis, Crystal structure, Unit cell and Primitive cell
2.9 Crystal is isotropic or anisotropic.
2.10 Crystal is electrically and magnetically isotropic or anisotropic.
2.11 Crystal system and space group
2.12 The seven basis crystal systems with their characteristics
2.13 The relation between three-dimensional crystal families, crystal systems and lattice systems
2.14 Bravais lattice
2.15 The seven crystal systems and the Bravais lattices
2.16 Some important terms of crystal structure: Coordination number [N], Nearest neighbour distance [2r = a], Atomic radius[r], Atomic packing factor [APF] or density of packing
2.17 Metallic Crystal Structure: A unique description of Simple Cubic[Sc], Body Centred Cubic [bcc], Face Centered Cubic [Fcc] and Hexagonal Close Packed [hcp]
2.18 Closest packing
2.19 The volume and the packing factor [PF] of the diamond cubic structure
2.20 Comparison of cell properties of some crystal structure
2.21 Important planes and direction in a cubic crystal
2.22 Directions, Planes and Miller Indices
2.23 Background of Miller indices
2.24 Obtain Miller indices of a plane
2.25 Determine the coordinates of the intercepts made by the plane along the three crystallographic axes [x, y, z]
2.26 The important features of Miller indices of crystal planes
2.27 Interplanar spacing
2.28 Inter planner distance in a simple cubic lattice
2.29 Inter planner distance in a Body Centered Cubic [bcc] Lattice
2.30 Inter planner distance in a Face Centered Cubic [fcc] Lattice
2.31 Separation between lattice planes in a cubic crystal
2.32 Concept of reciprocal lattice, properties of reciprocal lattice and reciprocal lattice vectors
2.33 The fractional coordinates of intercept of Miller indices
2.34 Relation between σhkl and crystallographic Axes
2.35 Reciprocal lattice vector
2.36 Reciprocal lattice parameters to direct lattice parameters
2.37 Review and Summary
Chapter -3 X-ray Diffraction
3.1 The X-ray diffraction
3.2 Techniques of X-ray Diffraction
3.3 Introduction to X-ray
3.4 X-ray sources
3.5 X-ray Crystallography
3.6 The technique of single Crystal X-Ray Crystallography
3.7 Bragg law and Bragg Scattering
3.8 Derivation of Bragg law
3.9 Some important interesting phenomenon about the X-ray Diffraction
3.10 Introduction: The Laue Method and Laue diffraction
3.11 A brief description of the Laue Method
3.12 The Laue equations
3.13 Equivalence of Bragg and Laue Equations
3.14 Interpretation of Bragg's Equation
3.15 The Powder Method
3.16 The Laue Method
3.17 Interpretation of Laue Photographs
3.18 Moseley's Law
3.19 Some important solved Problems relevant to the chapter
3.20 Review and Summary
Chapter -4 Crystal Binding
4.1 Introduction: A brief description of crystal binding
4.2 Different types of bonding in solids
4.3 Inter atomic forces and the cohesive energy of the crystal
4.4 Different types of interaction in solids
4.5 Forces between atoms
4.6 Cohesion of atoms and cohesive energy
4.7 Cohesive energy and calculation of cohesive energy
4.8 Calculation of lattice energy of ionic crystals
4.9 Madelung constant and usages of Madelung constant
4.10 Calculation of Madelung constant of ionic crystals
4.11 Calculation of repulsive exponent from compressibility data
4.12 The Born-Haber cycle
4.13 Review and Summary
Chapter -5 Wave nature of matter
5.1 Introduction: A Brief Description of Quantum Mechanics
5.2 Black Body Radiation
5.3 Radiation possesses dual character: Wave-Particle duality
5.4 Significance of Wave-Particle duality
5.5 de-Broglie Theory: de-Broglie wavelength of the matter waves
5.6 de-Broglie Hypothesis
5.7 Physical meaning of Phase Velocity of de-Broglie waves
5.8 de-Broglie waves move with the velocity of the particle
5.9 de-Broglie’s stationary Wave Quantized Orbits: Wave-mechanical concept of atom
5.10 Matter Wave
5.11 Experimental study of matter waves
5.12 The Davisson-Germer experiment
5.13 Brief description of Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
5.14 Physical significance of Heisenberg Uncertainty relation
5.15 Heisenberg uncertainty principle on different view
5.16 Heisenberg's uncertainty principle: electrons are present in atomic nuclei or not
5.17 Elementary proof of Heisenberg uncertainty principle (between energy and time)
5.18 Elementary proof of Heisenberg uncertainty principle (between position and momentum)
5.19 Fundamental proof of Heisenberg uncertainty principle
5.20 Particle-Wave duality of the electron
5.21 Wave-Particle duality of radiation and of matter
5.22 Correspondence and complementarity principle
5.23 Review and Summary
Chapter -6 Electrical Theory of Solid
6.1 Introduction: Electrical Properties of Solids
6.2 Hall Effect and its Application
6.3 Hall voltage, Hall Coefficient and Electron mobility
6.4 Diffusion: A rigid concept
6.5 Diffusion hole current density
6.6 Classical wave equation and de-Broglie hypothesis
6.7 Physical significance [Interpretation] of Wave function.
6.8 Limitations of Wave function
6.9 Probability density
6.10 Normalization of Wave function and Normalizing constant
6.11 Normalization constant and Normalization wave function for a trial wave function
6.12 Normalization constant and Normalization wave function for one dimensional case
6.13 Expectation value of dynamical variables
6.14 Expectation value of position, momentum and energy [Dynamical variables] for one dimensional wave function
6.15 Importance of Schrödinger wave equation
6.16 Wave equation for free and non- free particle: Schrödinger Time dependent equation
6.17 Time dependent Schrödinger equation and its solution: Under Conservative force
6.18 Time independent Schrödinger equation and Stationary State
6.19 Ehrenfest's theorem
6.20 Equation of Continuity
6.21 Relation between Probability density [ρ] and Current density [J]
6.22 Penetration of a potential barrier: Tunnel Effect
6.23 Energy levels for one dimensional square-well potential of finite depth or finite potential well: Bound State problems
6.24 Energy levels of a particle enclosed with one dimensional rigid wall with infinite potential well
6.25 The energy levels and corresponding normalized Eigen function of a particle in one dimensional potential-well of the form
6.26 Number of energy- levels with the corresponding quantum numbers and the degree of degeneracy
6.27 Review and Summary
Chapter -7 Free Electron Theory of Metals
7.1 Introduction: Free electron model
7.2 Classical free electron theory of metals
7.3 Introduction: Outstanding physical properties of metals
7.4 The drift velocity of electron
7.5 Mean free path, mean collision time and relaxation time
7.6 Resistivity, electrical conductivity, and Ohm’s law
7.7 Classical theory of electric conduction
7.8 Expression for electrical conductivity
7.9 Temperature dependence of electrical resistivity
7.10 Mobility of electrons
7.11 Fermi level
7.12 Ohmic contact
7.13 Density of energy states and Fermi energy
7.14 Effect of temperature on the Fermi distribution function
7.15 Heat capacity of the electron gas
7.16 Mean energy of electron gas at absolute zero
7.17 Free electrons in conductors and plasmas
7.18 Review and Summary
Chapter -8 Thermal Properties of Solids
8.1 Introduction: Specific heat
8.2 Basic assumptions of Classical theory
8.3 Total Internal Thermal Energy of the Crystal
8.4 Relation between Electrical Conductivity and Thermal Conductivity (Wiedemann-Franz Law)
8.5 Specific Heats of Solids
8.6 Thermal vibrations: Amplitudes
8.7 Quantum Mechanics: An essential aspect of thermal properties of solids
8.8 Quantum Mechanically harmonic oscillator: A brief resume of thermal properties of solids
8.9 Quantum Mechanically harmonic oscillator an interesting problem
8.10 Energy Eigen value of Quantum Mechanically harmonic oscillator: A brief resume of thermal properties of solids.
8.11 Zero-point energy and its physical significance
8.12 The Einstein Theory of Specific Heat
8.13 The Fermi Energy
8.14 Electron-Energy Distribution
8.15 Electronic Specific Heat
8.16 Debye’s theory
8.17 Debye’s Approximation
8.18 Debye’s temperatures of some materials are shown in the following table
8.19 Review and Summary
Chapter -9 Quantum Mechanical Properties of Metal
9.1 Quantum state and different quantum numbers
9.2 Table of allowed quantum Numbers
9.3 Quantum Numbers, significance of quantum numbers and the characteristic quantum numbers
9.4 Degenerate and non-degenerate system
9.5 A clear idea about the degeneracy of Hydrogen atom
9.6 Hydrogen atom is an interesting problem
9.7 Visible spectrum of atomic hydrogen.
9.8 The quantum mechanical property of an elementary particle: A brief description of spin
9.9 Arbitrary spin state: concept of spin up and spin down
9.10 Spin 1/2 particles and spin zero particles
9.11 The Pauli Exclusion Principle: Basic concept
9.12 The Pauli exclusion principle: Mathematical ground
9.13 The energy Eigen value or energy level of hydrogen atom
9.14 The ground state energy and energy level of hydrogen atom
9.15 Ground state wave function of hydrogen atom
9.16 Calculation for SI unit of the ground state of hydrogen atom
9.17 Spherical harmonics: Common Eigen functions of both L2 and Lz
9.18 Schrödinger equation: For spherical harmonics
9.19 Spherical harmonics Yl,m(θ, φ) is calculated for the values of l = 3 and m = 2
9.20 Average value ⟨r⟩ and root mean square value ⟨r2⟩½ in hydrogen atom by using the ground state wave function
9.21 Average value ⟨1/r⟩ in the hydrogen atom.
9.22 Application of Pauli's exclusion principle.
9.23 Electron configuration.
9.24 Some example of electron configuration.
9.25 Review and Summary
Chapter -10 Crystal Defects
10.1 Introduction: Crystallographic defects
10.2 Introduction: Dislocations
10.3 Some of the significance of dislocations
10.4 Introduction: Colour centre
10.5 Bloch diagram of defects in crystal
10.6 Point Defect in Ionic Crystal and the basic difference between point defect and line defect
10.7 Classification point defects
10.8 Schottky defect: One of the important point defect
10.9 Features of Schottky Defect and example of materials where Schottky defect can be found
10.10 Frenkel defect: Another important point defect
10.11 Difference between Schottky Defect and Frenkel defect
10.12 Line defect: Dislocations and types of dislocations
10.13 Difference between an edge dislocation and the screw dislocation
10.14 Surface defect: Grain boundary and a twin boundary and Stacking faults
10.15 Burgers vector and Burgers circuit
10.16 Concept of system, state and the thermodynamic equilibrium
10.17 The first law of thermodynamics and Zeroth law of thermodynamics and system
10.18 Entropy and the physical significance of entropy
10.19 Different types of thermodynamic functions
10.20 Thermodynamic functions: Internal or Intrinsic Energy (U)
10.21 Thermodynamic functions: Enthalpy or Total Heat (H)
10.22 Thermodynamic functions: Helmholtz free energy (F or A)
10.23 Thermodynamic functions: Gibbs free energy (G)
10.24 Thermodynamic condition for equilibrium
10.25 Thermal entropy, configurational entropy and total entropy
10.26 The number of vacancies and interstitials as a function of temperature
10.27 Schottky defects (Lattice Defects) in ionic crystal
10.28 The Frenkel defect
10.29 Review and Summary
Chapter -11 Semiconductor
11.1 Semiconductors: A brief resume
11.2 Concept of hole
11.3 Intrinsic semiconductor
11.4 Extrinsic semiconductor and types of extrinsic semiconductor
11.5 Fermi level
11.6 Ohmic contact
11.7 P-N junction: formation of depletion layer
11.8 Band structure and the contact potential difference in a PN junction
11.9 Depletion capacitance
11.10 Abrupt or step junction
11.11 Linearly grade or grown junction
11.12 Metals, some applications of metals and its characteristics
11.13 Conductivity of the metal [Conduction of metal]
11.14 Phase-space
11.15 Density of state
11.16 Fermi-Dirac distribution
11.17 Conductivity of semiconductor
11.18 Carrier concentration in an intrinsic semiconductor
11.19 The Fermi level in an extrinsic or impurity semiconductor
11.20 Fermi level for an extrinsic or impurity semiconductor
11.21 Intrinsic semiconductor: The product of the hole and electron concentration
11.22 Junction potential
11.23 Capacitance in PN junction
11.24 Band structure of an open circuit PN junction
11.25 Carrier life time
11.26 The continuity equation
11.27 Review and Summary
Chapter -12 Dielectrics
12.1 Introduction: Dielectrics
12.2 Some practical dielectrics: Electric dipole, electrets and Electric dipole moment
12.3 Electric Susceptibility and Dielectric constant
12.4 Polar molecules and Non-polar molecules
12.5 Polarizability and different types of polarizability
12.6 Different types of polarizability
12.7 High frequency dielectric constant
12.8 Macroscopic Electric Field
12.9 Clausious-Mossotti Equation
12.10 Complex dielectric constant and Losses
12.11 Dielectric losses and relaxation time
12.12 Microscopic picture of Dielectric losses and relaxation time
12.13 The average component of the dipole moment per molecule in the direction of the applied field at a temperature T [Orientational polarization].
12.14 A NaCl type of ionic crystal having cubic symmetry. For such a system there exists a relation between dielectric constant K and high frequency dielectric constant K0 is
12.15 The Electronic Polarizability for Diamond crystal.
12.16 Classical theory of electronic polarization.
12.17 Optical phenomena: Optical absorption
12.18 Luminescence and different types of Luminescence
12.19 Dispersion in a dielectric
12.20 Review and Summary
Chapter -13 Classical theory of Magnetism
13.1 Magnetism
13.2 Atomic theory of Magnetism (the origin of magnetic moment)
13.3 Classification of the magnetic materials and a comparative study of magnetic materials
13.4 Short features of Magnetic materials and their Magnetic dipole arrangements
13.5 Magnetic materials with their important interesting features
13.6 Concept of magnetic susceptibility of Diamagnetic and Para/Ferromagnetic materials
13.7 Magnetic Domains
13.8 Hysteresis Loop
13.9 Larmor frequency, Larmor precession and Larmor theorem
13.10 Classical Langevin diamagnetic equation
13.11 The classical theory of paramagnetic materials
13.12 Exchange field
13.13 Curie-temperature and Curie-Weiss law
13.14 Review and Summary
Chapter -14 Quantum Theory of Magnetism
14.1 Sources or the origin of paramagnetism
14.2 Quantum theory of the paramagnetism
14.3 Anti-ferromagnetism and Neel temperature
14.4 Two sub-lattice model for an anti-ferromagnetism
14.5 Ferrimagnetics and spontaneous magnetization in ferrimagnetics
14.6 Curie- temperature and susceptibility of ferrimagnetics
14.7 Temperature dependence of spontaneous magnetization
14.8 Heisenberg Model and explain Heisenberg exchange interaction
14.9 Establish the relation between Weiss field and Heisenberg exchange interaction
14.10 Anisotropy Energy
14.11 Bloch Thickness and Energy of the Bloch Wall [For Ferromagnetic Materials]
14.12 Temperature dependence of saturating magnetization
14.13 Paramagnetic susceptibility of conduction electron
14.14 Spin wave or the magnon dispersion relation
14.15 Dispersion relation for anti-ferromagnetic substances
14.16 Relaxation mechanism and paramagnetic relaxation
14.17 Difference between the spin lattice and spin-spin relaxation
14.18 Paramagnetic Relaxation: A brief mathematical discussion
14.19 Spin Lattice Relaxation: A view of mathematical discussion
14.20 Knight Shift
14.21 Hyperfine Interaction
14.22 Line Width
14.23 Magnetic Resonance and different types of manetic resonance
14.24 Application of magnetic resonance
14.25 NMR [Nuclear Magnetic Resonance]
14.26 Ground level spectroscopy [Zeeman level spectroscopy]
14.27 Bloch Equation
14.28 Solution of Bloch Equation
14.29 Review and Summary
Chapter -15 Classical Statistical mechanics
15.1 Statistical mechanics
15.2 Introduction to Classical statistics: [Maxwell- Boltzmann distribution]
15.3 Distribution function and importance of Statistical mechanics
15.4 Postulate of statistical mechanics
15.5 Mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive events: A rigid comparism
15.6 Liouville's theorem: Brief resume
15.7 The Liouville equation: Fundamental equation of statistical mechanics
15.8 Description of Classical Liouville Equation
15.9 Proof of Classical Liouville Equation
15.10 Physical Interpretation of Classical Liouville Equation
15.11 Application, basics and remarks of Liouville theorem
15.12 Quantum Liouville equation
15.13 Density matrix: a crucial tool in statistical mechanics
15.14 Thermodynamic system and Zeroth law of thermodynamics
15.15 Thermodynamic function and different types of thermodynamic functions
15.16 Thermal equilibrium, Thermodynamic equilibrium and Statistical equilibrium
15.17 Three thermodynamic ensembles: Ensembles, Micro canonical ensemble, Canonical ensemble, and Grand canonical ensemble
15.18 Priori probability postulate and various arguments in favour of the equal a priori probability postulate
15.19 Some important key words in classical statistical mechanics [Maxwell- Boltzmann statistics]
15.20 A point in phase space is actually a sell whose minimum volume is of the order of ħ3
15.21 Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law: A description of the statistical distribution of the energies of the molecules of a classical gas [the basis of the kinetic theory of gases]
15.22 Elementary proof of Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution law
15.23 Maxwell Boltzmann distribution in differential form
15.24 The entropy of semi classical perfect gas of N indistinguishable molecules
15.25 The weight for classical perfect gas
15.26 The classical partition function
15.27 Thermodynamic properties of the canonical ensemble
15.28 Semi-classical partition function
15.29 Semi-classical grand partition function
15.30 Maxwell's- Boltzmann Distribution and Ideal Gas
15.31 Review and Summary
Chapter -16 Quantum Statistical Mechanics
16.1 Quantum Statistics.
16.2 Identical Particles.
16.3 Spins and Statistics.
16.4 Mathematical ground of Symmetric and Anti-symmetric wave functions.
16.5 Construction of symmetric and anti-symmetric wave function.
16.6 Construction of symmetric and anti-symmetric wave function for a system containing 3 identical particles.
16.7 Construction of symmetric and anti-symmetric wave function for a system containing N identical particles.
16.8 Parity operator and Eigen values of Parity operator.
16.9 Spin in quantum theory.
16.10 Description of Bosons: A brief resume.
16.11 Description of fermions: A brief recommence.
16.12 Comparative study of Bosons and Fermions.
16.13 Phonons: A basic concept.
16.14 A basic concept of graviton.
16.15 A clear feature of elementary particles in Physics.
16.16 Bose –Einstein distribution law.
16.17 Fermi-Dirac distribution law.
16.18 Comparative study of Maxwell – Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distributions law.
16.19 Bose –Einstein diffusion gas.
16.20 The Bose-Einstein grand partition function.
16.21 The Fermi-Dirac grand Partition function.
16.22 Review and Summary
Chapter -17 Superconductivity
17.1 Introduction to Superconductor.
17.2 Superconductors: A brief history.
17.3 Different Superconductors, making of Superconductors and usage of Superconductors.
17.4 Some of the important properties of superconductor.
17.5 Superconductivity and sources of Superconductivity.
17.6 Type-I superconductor and Type-II superconductor.
17.7 Difference between Type-I superconductor and Type-II superconductor.
17.8 Meissner Effect.
17.9 Thermodynamics of superconducting transition and stabilization energy.
17.10 London equation and penetration depth.
17.11 An alternate approach of The London’s theory.
17.12 Critical current.
17.13 Introduction of BCS theory.
17.14 BCS Theory of Superconductivity [Quantum Theory of Superconductivity]
17.15 Coherence length.
17.16 Flux quantization in a superconducting ring.
17.17 Tunneling.
17.18 Estimation of upper critical field and lower critical field.
17.19 Critical field.
17.20 The Josephson Effects: A brief view.
17.21 Mathematical expression of DC Josephson effect.
17.22 Mathematical structure of AC Josephson effect.
17.23 Review and Summary
Chapter -18 Band Theory of Solids
18.1 State and explain Bloch Theorem.
18.2 Derivational approach of the Bloch Theorem.
18.3 The simplifying assumption of Kronig-Penny Model.
18.4 Behaviour of an electron in a periodic potential – the Kronig-Penny Model.
18.5 The conclusions of Kronig-Penny Model.
18.6 Brillouin zones.
18.7 The total number of wave function in any energy band is equal to the unit cells.
18.8 The effective mass of an electron.
18.9 Motion of electrons (states) in a band.
18.10 Distinguish between metals, insulators and intrinsic semiconductor on the basis of band theory of solids.
18.11 The concept of hole.
18.12 Describing Molecules and an atomic orbital.
18.13 Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO).
18.14 Tight Binding Approximation.
18.15 Review and Summary
Research Objectives and Themes
The primary objective of this book is to provide a comprehensive and accessible textbook for undergraduate, graduate, and Masters-level students of physics and engineering, serving as a fundamental resource for understanding the structure and properties of materials. The central research question explores how physical concepts of solid-state physics can be described through mathematical formalism and illustrated with concrete examples to bridge the gap between large-scale phenomena and small-scale, less accessible physical behaviors.
- Detailed exploration of atomic structure and crystal geometry.
- Theoretical frameworks for electrical, magnetic, and thermal properties of solids.
- In-depth analysis of quantum mechanics as applied to matter waves and band theory.
- Examination of crystal defects, semiconductor physics, and superconductivity.
- Statistical mechanical approaches to understanding particle distributions and magnetism.
Auszug aus dem Buch
1.1 The Rutherford Model of the atom
Earnest Rutherford framed the structure of the atom in 1911 in which α- particles were thrown to a thin gold foil. He noticed that almost all the α- particles passed through the thin gold foil without being distracted and very few of them were diverted from their part. The gold atom had its effective diameter of 0.3 nm and the nucleus was about 1/10^4 of the atom.
He postulated that electrons, which are orbiting around the central nucleus, resemble to the solar system. From the discovery of the electrons, Rutherford proposed the following of the atom: “This model postulates a tiny, massive and positively charged nucleus around which the negative electrons orbit.” Therefore, an electron is always moving in a circular orbit of radius r around the central nucleus maintaining a constant velocity v. In this case, two forces are existed: (1) Electrostatic force and (2) Centrifugal force.
Summary of Chapters
Chapter -1 Atomic Structure: A brief review: Covers fundamental atomic models, starting from Rutherford's planetary model and leading into the Bohr model's interpretation of hydrogen spectra and quantization.
Chapter -2 Crystal Structure: Examines the geometry of solids, defining lattice points, Bravais lattices, and Miller indices as essential tools for describing crystalline periodicity.
Chapter -3 X-ray Diffraction: Details the mathematical and experimental principles of X-ray interactions with crystal lattices, including Bragg and Laue diffraction methods.
Chapter -4 Crystal Binding: Analyzes the forces responsible for atomic cohesion in solids, detailing ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding mechanisms.
Chapter -5 Wave nature of matter: Introduces quantum mechanical foundations, emphasizing de-Broglie hypotheses and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle regarding matter waves.
Chapter -6 Electrical Theory of Solid: Discusses the classical and quantum mechanical transport properties of electrons, including Hall effect and Schrödinger's equation.
Chapter -7 Free Electron Theory of Metals: Provides an in-depth analysis of the free electron gas model, exploring Fermi levels and heat capacity in metals.
Chapter -8 Thermal Properties of Solids: Investigates specific heat capacities through classical and quantum models, particularly Einstein and Debye theories.
Chapter -9 Quantum Mechanical Properties of Metals: Expands on quantum states, spin angular momentum, and the fundamental properties of atomic electrons in metals.
Chapter -10 Crystal Defects: Categorizes deviations from perfect crystalline order, specifically focusing on point defects, dislocations, and their thermodynamic implications.
Chapter -11 Semiconductor: Explains the electronic behavior of semiconductors, focusing on energy bands, carrier concentration, and P-N junction characteristics.
Chapter -12 Dielectrics: Analyzes the interaction of electric fields with matter, covering polarization mechanisms and the Clausius-Mossotti equation.
Chapter -13 Classical theory of Magnetism: Reviews the magnetic properties of materials, utilizing classical Langevin and Curie-Weiss theories for diamagnetic and paramagnetic substances.
Chapter -14 Quantum Theory of Magnetism: Extends magnetic theory into the quantum regime, addressing exchange interactions, magnons, and magnetic resonance.
Chapter -15 Classical Statistical mechanics: Provides the foundational statistical tools necessary for thermodynamic descriptions, including Liouville’s theorem and ensemble theory.
Chapter -16 Quantum Statistical Mechanics: Differentiates between Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics, establishing the quantum mechanical basis for particle distributions.
Chapter -17 Superconductivity: Details the phenomenon of vanishing electrical resistance at low temperatures, covering London equations, flux quantization, and BCS theory.
Chapter -18 Band Theory of Solids: Explores electron energy bands in crystals, focusing on the Bloch theorem and the Kronig-Penny model.
Keywords
Solid State Physics, Quantum Mechanics, Crystal Structure, X-ray Diffraction, Crystal Binding, Semiconductors, Superconductivity, Magnetism, Statistical Mechanics, Fermi Level, Schrödinger Equation, Band Theory, Phonons, Magnons, Dielectrics
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core focus of this book?
This book focuses on the structural and physical properties of materials, providing a rigorous introduction to solid-state physics for students and researchers.
What are the central thematic areas?
The core themes include atomic structure, crystal geometry, quantum mechanical behavior of matter, electronic theory of solids, thermal and magnetic properties, and superconductivity.
What is the primary objective of this work?
The primary objective is to present basic principles and methods of solid-state physics in a clear, instructional format that aids both students and teachers in university settings.
What scientific methods are utilized?
The book employs a combination of classical physical laws and modern quantum mechanical derivations to explain observed material phenomena.
What is covered in the main section of the book?
The main sections cover diverse areas ranging from atomic and crystal structures to quantum statistics, magnetism, semiconductors, and the advanced band theory of solids.
Which keywords best characterize this work?
Keywords include solid-state physics, quantum mechanics, crystal structure, semiconductor physics, and superconductivity.
How does the book address crystal defects?
It categorizes various defects—such as vacancies, interstitials, and dislocations—and analyzes their thermodynamic stability and influence on material properties.
What is the significance of the "Born-Haber cycle" in Chapter 4?
It provides an experimental method to determine the lattice energy of ionic crystals by correlating physical energy changes in formation processes.
- Quote paper
- Dr. Alauddin Khan (Author), Dr. Shumsun Naher Begum (Author), 2020, Solid State Physics. Structure and Properties of Materials, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/967087
